禽流感病毒的理化消毒

禽流感是影响世界养禽业的重要疫病之一，此外还对人类公共卫生造成重要威胁：禽流感的一种可能传播途径是通过人类相关的活动，如人员的流动，运载工具如车辆及其它污染物和未进行彻底消毒的感染动物等。因此，假如人员、衣服、鞋、车辆，农具及其它材料不能够彻底消毒，则禽流感的感染就会持续存在，同时对养禽业及公共卫生的威胁就不会根除。为此，清除并消毒被认为是控制禽流感过程中必不可少的步骤：本文重点阐述当前禽流感病毒的物理、化学消毒剂的研究现状及每类消毒剂的适用范围和注意事项。     

A distinct CDV genotype causing a major epidemic in Alpine wildlife

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection represents an important conservation threat to many carnivore species and has contributed to the population decline of several wild terrestrial and aquatic mammalian species. Since 2006, the Alpine region of North-Eastern (NE) Italy has been experiencing a severe and widespread outbreak of CDV affecting the wild carnivore population. In this study we performed an extensive phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis of CDV identified during the recent wildlife epidemic in the Alpine region. Our analysis yielded data on the evolutionary dynamics of the Alpine wildlife CDV epidemic and revealed the emergence and spread of a single genetic cluster of CDV. The wide distribution of the novel cluster combined with the identification of a specific amino acid mutation, which is believed to increase the ability of the virus to replicate in a wider host range, raises concerns over the possible implications of the spread of this virus on the conservation of endangered wildlife species.     

Modification of muscle proteins IEF patterns in a fish Lebistes reticulatus, related to diet, immunization and genetic selection

The effects of some environmental and genetic factors on the isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of muscle proteins from a fish Lebistes reticulatus (Cyprinodonts) were investigated. Of two diets applied the restricted one resulted in a loss of bands in the IEF patterns of the treated fishes muscle homogenate. Instead immunization gave an increase in both number and intensity of IEF bands in (4.0-6.0; 7.0-7.9) pH ranges which are typical of immunoglobulins. Lastly IEF patterns from random and assortative mating animals were compared, resulting in loss of IEF-bands in the inbred lines. Results showed that IEF of muscle proteins could be an excellent method to evaluate the response by fish phenotypes to environmental or genetic factors.     

Inactivation of avian influenza viruses by chemical agents and physical conditions: a review

The recent outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) worldwide have highlighted the difficulties in controlling this disease both in developed and in developing countries. Biosecurity is considered the most important tool to prevent and control AI. In certain areas of the world, AI has become endemic and the recent outbreaks in Europe and Africa show that the epidemiological situation is evolving in an unprecedented way. The consequences of this situation are economic losses to the poultry industry, food security issues in developing countries and a serious threat to human health, due to the direct consequences of AI infection in humans, and more alarmingly due to the risk of the generation of a new pandemic virus from the animal reservoir. In this paper, the physical and chemical methods of inactivating AI viruses are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the practicalities of using such methods in the poultry industry.     

The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective

A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 binary markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY). Ten lineages account for >95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied. Geographic distribution and age estimates of alleles are compatible with two Paleolithic and one Neolithic migratory episode that have contributed to the modern European gene pool. A significant correlation between the NRY haplotype data and principal components based on 95 protein markers was observed, indicating the effectiveness of NRY binary polymorphisms in the characterization of human population composition and history.