Principles of fracture fixation in growing animals.

Changes in bone structure and conformation can occur very rapidly in growing animals. Injury to the bones or articular surfaces warrant special consideration because of the potential devastating consequences of secondary growth deformities in the animal. Disturbance of normal growth plate activity, imperfect fixation of an articular fracture, and conformational defects in long bones may create lifelong problems for the animal.     

Comparative virulence of NAD-dependent and NAD-independent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains.

The virulence of a NAD-independent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 strain and NAD-dependent serotype 2, 3 and 9 strains was compared under experimental conditions. Hysterectomy-derived piglets were inoculated endobronchially with 50-500 cfu of these strains. All 23 piglets inoculated with the NAD-dependent strains developed acute disease within 12 hours post inoculation. Twenty-two of these piglets died within 24 hours after the first clinical signs. Three of nine piglets inoculated with the NAD-independent strain did not develop clinical disease. In the other six piglets, disease signs were similar as in the piglets inoculated with the NAD-dependent strains. No differences in clinical disease were observed between colostrum deprived piglets and piglets that obtained colostrum from a SPF sow.     

A Quantitative Study of Ganglion Cells in the German Shepherd Dog Retina

As in the number of mammals, the most prominent feature of the ganglion-cell layer in the retina of the German shepherd dog is the sharp increase in the density of ganglion cells in the central area. There is an area of maximum density and also a ‘cat-like’ visual streak, located dorsal to the optic disc. The isodensity lines of ganglion-cell distribution is roughly concentric. Their values vary from 5300-13 000 cells/mm² in the central area, with the cells densely packed, to 1000 cells/mm² or less in the periphery, where the cells are sparsely distributed. There were some individual differences amongst the animals studied, although all of them were pure-bred dogs. This suggests that the configuration of the retina in the canine species is not only dependent on the breed itself but also on some other parameters such as phylogenetic heritage, environment, aptitude, lifestyle, or even training.     

'Simultaneous' urethral pressure profilometry: variations in intravesical pressure with respiration

Pressure changes in the urinary bladder due to respiration were measured in 75 bitches. The changes fell within a narrow range (0.5 to 2.5 cm water) and were unaffected by size or whether the bitches were entire or spayed. Significant differences were found, however, between continent (mean +/- SD, 1.1 +/- 0.4 cm water) and incontinent (mean +/- SD, 1.4 +/- 0.5 cm water) animals (P less than 0.01).     

CLINICAL USE OF 99mTC-MDP SCINTIGRAPHY IN THE EQUINE MANDIBLE AND MAXILLA

^99mTc-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) radionuclide imaging examinations were done in four horses having clinical evidence of skull trauma or infection. Radiographs were made of each horse prior to scintigraphy. Four case histories are presented. In each instance, scintigraphy provided complementary information to that obtainable through radiography, which aided in accurately localizing and characterizing the site and extent of abnormalities, and which proved particularly valuable as an aid for therapeutic planning.     

Efficacy of the morantel sustained release trilaminate matrix against gastrointestinal nematodes in beef calves

The effectiveness of the morantel sustained release trilaminate (MSRT) in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes through a grazing season was evaluated using 60 yearling beef stocker calves randomly divided into 2 groups of 30 animals each. In April 1985, the calves comprising the treatment group each received an MSRT designed to release morantel tartrate continuously for 90 days while those of the control group remained unmedicated. All animals were weighed and samples of rectal feces were taken at 14-day intervals, beginning on Day 0, until trial termination (Day 168). At trial termination, 10 control and 10 treated calves were necropsied for recovery of gastrointestinal nematodes. Three sets of parasite-na?ve tracer calves were utilized to evaluate the initial, interim and final levels of pasture contamination by nematode larvae. Overall, the use of the MSRT resulted in a 75.5% reduction (P less than 0.001) in output of nematode eggs from the principals, an 81.8% reduction (P less than 0.001) in numbers of gastrointestinal nematodes in principals (at trial termination), and a 96.9% reduction (P less than 0.05) of pasture larval nematode contamination (as indirectly indicated by parasite burdens in tracer calves). The mean weight advantage of treated calves was 16.6 kg per head (P less than 0.001).     

Type-I hypersensitivity as a component of eosinophilic myositis (muscular sarcocystosis) in cattle

Eight bovine hearts with lesions of eosinophilic myositis (EM) and 2 bovine hearts without EM lesions were collected at slaughter. Blood samples from these 10 hearts, and the heart of a newborn calf also were collected. Histologically, Sarcocystis cruzi was identified in the 8 hearts with EM lesions and the 2 hearts without EM lesions, but not in the heart of the newborn calf. Serum was harvested from the 10 blood samples and was used in homologous, modified, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests. Antigen was prepared from S cruzi bradyzoites isolated from the 2 hearts without EM lesions. Serum samples from the 8 cattle with EM lesions reacted positively to S cruzi antigen. When heat-inactivated IgE in serum (56 C for 4 hours) was used, all passive cutaneous anaphylaxis responses were considered negative. Using ELISA, serum IgE concentrations from the 10 cattle with and without EM lesions were 2.2 to 9 U/ml. As determined by radial immunodiffusion, IgM concentrations were 80 to 215 mg/dl. Immunoglobulin G concentrations were 420 to 2,050 mg/dl, but most were less than or equal to 1,700 mg/dl. Immunoglobulin A concentrations were 0 to 62 mg/dl; 1 steer with EM lesions had 0 mg/dl. Double-gel immunodiffusion confirmed the presence of Sarcocystis-specific precipitating antibodies. Sera from the 10 cattle with and without EM lesions formed at least 1 precipitin band.     

Preliminary investigations into factors that affect plasma aldosterone concentrations in horses

The effect of feeding diets with low, adequate and high sodium contents on plasma aldosterone concentrations in horses and ponies was evaluated using human immunoassay kits. The effect of moderate to high intensity exercise of up to six minutes duration on plasma aldosterone concentrations in three thoroughbred- horses was also investigated. On an adequate sodium diet plasma aldosterone concentrations increased to a peak around four hours after feeding. Little daily variation was found in the pre-feeding aldosterone concentrations over three days. Feeding additional salt resulted initially in no increase in plasma aldosterone concentrations in three out of four animals. After five days all four animals had lower pre-feeding concentrations, an increase in the magnitude of the response to feeding but a decreased rise in absolute concentration. Feeding a diet with a decreased sodium content for several months did not result in a consistent change in the pre-feeding aldosterone concentrations although there were times when all three animals showed an increase in the magnitude of the aldosterone response to feeding. No correlation between changes in the fractional electrolyte excretion values determined and alterations in aldosterone response was found. Exercise resulted in a marked increase in aldosterone concentrations. The expected biological response to feeding and exercise was demonstrated with an acceptable level of reproducibility and repeatability. Samples had similar values when assayed by either of the kits evaluated.     

Hyperplastic canker – a perennial disease of almond caused by Pseudomonas amygdali

The history of hyperplastic canker of almond, caused by Pseudomonas amygdali , its evolution and the present situation in Greece are reviewed. Its main aspects, causal agent, symptomatology, epidemiology and control measures are described. The main characteristics differentiating the pathogen from some other pseudomonads pathogenic to fruit trees are also reported.     

The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.