基于GF-1与Landsat8 OLI影像的作物种植结构与产量分析

作物种植结构监测和估产是精准农业遥感的重点领域,其研究对于指导作物种植结构和制定农业政策具有重要意义。该文以黑龙江省北安市为研究区,以2015年的Landsat8 OLI和多时相GF-1为遥感数据源,基于物候信息和光谱特征确定的农作物识别关键时期和特征参数,构建面向对象的决策树分类模型,开展作物种植结构监测研究;综合植被光谱指数和地面采样数据,采用逐步回归方法建立产量遥感估算模型。结果表明:多源与多时相的遥感数据可以反映不同农作物的季相特征,应用本文所构建的决策树分类模型,作物分类效果较好,总体精度达87.54%,Kappa系数为0.8115;2015年,北安市的主要作物类型为大豆、玉米、水稻和小麦,面积分别为2204、1955、122和19 km~2,其中大豆的种植面积最大,占作物种植面积的51.24%。基于NDVI、EVI和GNDVI构建的多元回归模型为北安市大豆和玉米产量估算最优模型(R~2=0.823 7,均方根误差135.45 g/m~2,精度80.55%);北安市玉米高产区集中分布在西部,大豆的高产区主要分布在东部;2015年北安市玉米和大豆的单产分别为8 659、2 846 kg/hm~2,总产量分别为16.93×10~8、6.27×10~8 kg。利用作物关键物候期的多源多时相遥感数据能够精确高效地提取作物种植结构,构建的产量估算多元回归模型,为精准农业科学发展提供参考。     

Quantification of Shallow Groundwater Nutrient Dynamics in Septic Areas

Of all groundwater pollution sources, septic systems are the second largest source of groundwater nitrate contamination in USA. This study investigated shallow groundwater (SGW) nutrient dynamics in septic areas at the northern part of the Lower St. Johns River Basin, Florida, USA. Thirty-five SGW-monitoring wells, located at nine different urban areas served by septic systems, were used to collect the SGW samples seasonally and/or biweekly for a duration of 3?years from 2003 to 2006. Analytical results showed that there were 16 wells with nitrate concentrations exceeding the US Environmental Protection Agency's drinking water limit (10?mg?L^?1). There also were 11 and 14 wells with total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, respectively, exceeding the ambient water quality criteria (0.9?mg?L^?1 for TKN and 0.04?mg?L^?1 for TP) recommended for rivers and streams in nutrient Ecoregion XII (Southeast USA). In general, site variations are much greater than seasonal variations in SGW nutrient concentrations. A negative correlation existed between nitrate/nitrite?Cnitrogen (NO_x?CN) and TKN as well as between NO_x?CN and ammonium ( $ NH_4^{ + } $ ), whereas a positive correlation occurred between TKN and $ NH_4^{ + } $ . Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between reduction and oxidation (redox) potential and water level, while no correlation was observed between potassium concentration and redox potential. This study demonstrates a need to investigate the potential adverse impacts of SGW nutrients from the septic areas upon the deeper groundwater quality due to the nutrient penetration and upon the surface water quality due to the nutrient discharge.     

基于近红外光谱与PLS-DA的润滑油快速识别

机械故障与润滑油的性状具有紧密关系.因此,研究一种能够快速、无损对润滑油品牌识别方法至关重要.该研究应用近红外光谱分析法结合偏最小二乘判别分析(Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)模式识别方法对7种润滑油品牌进行识别.研究结果表明,采用近红外光谱结合PLS-DA方法对校正样本建立判别模型,模型的校正相关系数均大于0.980,校正集均方根误差(RMSEC)和预测集均方根误差(RMSEP)都小于0.062,对7种润滑油品牌识别率均为100％.结合遗传算法对变量进行筛选,选出62个波数点代替全波段进行建模,模型对未知样本的识别率均为98.1％,大大缩减建模的计算量,为在润滑油判别分析仪器开发方面提供一定的理论指导.     

Evaluation on the potential of improving border irrigation performance through border dimensions optimization: a case study on the irrigation districts along the lower Yellow River

In the Yucheng region along the lower reach of the Yellow River, current border irrigation systems in all three irrigation districts have low irrigation performances with the applied depth per irrigation event >150 mm, and application efficiency <65 %. It is often difficult to change irrigation practices, and rates of adoption are usually slow for China’s small-scale farmers. This study emphasizes the feasibility of optimizing border dimensions in border irrigation taking into consideration the existing irrigation conditions and farmers’ methods of irrigation practice. The performances of current border irrigation systems and improved systems were evaluated using agricultural irrigation survey data, field experimental data, and a simulation model. The irrigation conditions, that is, inflow rate, border dimensions, and relative cutoff distance, in the irrigation districts were found to be diverse. However, after border dimensions were optimized through simulation and field testing, it was determined that the applied depth per irrigation event could be decreased by an average of 49 mm, and the application efficiency could be increased on average by 26.7 % in the three irrigation districts. The annual potential amount of water savings among the three districts was calculated to be approximately 5,551 × 10⁴ m³ in the Yucheng region. Optimizing border dimensions is a practical technology for small-scale farming practices in the irrigation districts along the lower Yellow River.     

山地果园牵引式双轨运输机断绳制动装置设计与试验

针对山地果园牵引式双轨运输机存在钢丝绳松脱或断裂可能引发溜车事故等问题,研制了一种断绳制动装置,描述了载物滑车的总体结构及制动装置关键结构尺寸关系,分析了制动装置制动过程的运动规律。应用SolidWorks建立制动装置简化模型,然后倒入ADAMS/View中建立了制动装置和轨道横梁虚拟样机,虚拟制动试验确定了制动过程的动力学变化规律。动力学仿真与台架试验结果表明,该断绳制动装置的制动成功率为100%,随着装载质量的增大,制动杆与轨道横梁碰撞后的明显回弹次数逐渐减少;碰撞点的应力以及制动杆的回弹距离均随着回弹次数的增大而逐渐减小;仿真结果与试验结果相差极小,验证了仿真过程是正确的。该研究可为山地果园轨道运输机械的安全制动装置设计及后续优化提供参考。     

Nutrient limitation of alpine plants: Implications from leaf N : P stoichiometry and leaf δ15N

Nitrogen (N) deposition can affect grassland ecosystems by altering biomass production, plant species composition and abundance. Therefore, a better understanding of the response of dominant plant species to N input is a prerequisite for accurate prediction of future changes and interactions within plant communities. We evaluated the response of seven dominant plant species on the Tibetan Plateau to N input at two levels: individual species and plant functional group. This was achieved by assessing leaf N : P stoichiometry, leaf δ¹⁵N and biomass production for the plant functional groups. Seven dominant plant species—three legumes, two forbs, one grass, one sedge—were analyzed for N, P, and δ¹⁵N 2 years after fertilization with one of the three N forms: NO$ _3^- $ , NH$ _4^+ $ , or NH₄NO₃ at four application rates (0, 7.5, 30, and 150 kg N ha^–1 y^–1). On the basis of biomass production and leaf N : P ratios, we concluded that grasses were limited by available N or co‐limited by available P. Unlike for grasses, leaf N : P and biomass production were not suitable indicators of N limitation for legumes and forbs in alpine meadows. The poor performance of legumes under high N fertilization was mainly due to strong competition with grasses. The total above‐ground biomass was not increased by N fertilization. However, species composition shifted to more productive grasses. A significant negative correlation between leaf N : P and leaf δ¹⁵N indicated that the two forbs Gentiana straminea and Saussurea superba switched from N deficiency to P limitation (e.g., N excess) due to N fertilization. These findings imply that alpine meadows will be more dominated by grasses under increased atmospheric N deposition.     

Long-term cultivation impact on the heavy metal behavior in a reclaimed wetland,Northeast China

Purpose

Heavy metal fractionation varies according to land uses. To understand the behavior of heavy metals in wetland soils under long-term agricultural cultivation, we examined the distribution, source, and associated environmental risk of heavy metals in different types of wetland soils.

Materials and methods

Soils were collected in cultivated lands, artificial ditches, and riparian zones from a reclaimed wetland in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. They were analyzed for total concentrations and chemical fractions of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni, as well as pH, soil organic matter, total phosphorus, and particle size distribution.

Results and discussion

Heavy metal concentrations were significantly lower in cultivated wetland than in ditch and riparian wetlands. Riparian wetland was found to exhibit the highest metal concentrations. When compared with other two wetland types, the cultivated wetland showed much higher partitioning levels of heavy metals in the acid-soluble fraction and lower partitioning levels in the oxidizable fraction. Although Cr, Cu, and Ni in ditch and riparian wetlands were identified as the metal pollutants of primary concern, they had a low or no risk of further dispersion to other environmental components. Weathering of parent materials was the main source of Cr and Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn originated mainly from agricultural practices, and Ni emanated from a mixture of sources.

Conclusions

Long-term agricultural cultivation can lead to significant heavy metal loss in cultivated wetland but enrich heavy metal concentrations in ditch and riparian wetlands. Periodic ditch dredging is considered an effective measure for decreasing heavy metal input into the fluvial system and thereby reducing the dispersion to the regional water environment.     

土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。     

河套灌区不同耕作方式下土壤磷素的流失评价

为了评价灌区农田非点源磷素的流失风险,对内蒙古河套灌区典型作物地块中不同土层深度的土壤对磷素的吸附能力进行了测定,借助SPSS软件对试验结果进行统计分析,评价土壤磷素向水体的流失潜能以及可能的影响因素。结果表明：研究区不同地块的各层土壤均可以用Langmiur和Freundich方程来表征土壤对磷素的吸附特征,且Langmiur方程的拟合性要好于Freundich方程;小麦地块的各层吸附能力都较强,套种地块的吸附能力在试验中表现较差;表层土壤在不同地块的吸附能力差别不大,这可能与当地的复种习惯有关;表层土壤相对于深层土壤的流失潜能较高,即土壤中的磷素随农田退水的流失风险相对较大,但套种地块中磷素随渗漏淋失的潜能比对地表径流流失的潜能大;除Qm和EPC0之外,PSI值可以直接作为评价磷流失潜能的有效指标;磷素在农田地块的流失是河套灌区不可忽视的农业管理问题。该文为河套灌区科学合理施肥和非点源污染的防治提供了科学依据。