Effects of fenbendazole administration on hematology, clinical chemistries and selected hormones in the white Pekin duck

The effects of single i.v. and p.o. doses (5 mg/kg) of fenbendazole, were evaluated on thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, corticosterone, hematology, clinical chemistries, and serum proteins in 10 white Pekin ducks. Fenbendazole was administered i.v. (n = 5) as a 3% dimethyl sulfoxide solution and p.o. (n = 5) as a 10% commercial suspension. Serum enzyme concentrations, total protein and protein fractions, glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, sodium, and potassium were unchanged from baseline values. Serum triglycerides decreased consistently in the i.v.-treated group but remained unchanged in the p.o.-treated group. Serum chloride was consistently elevated above baseline values for both i.v.- and p.o.-treated ducks, while inorganic phosphate was consistently decreased only in the i.v.-treated group. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values generally were below baseline values. Leukocyte values varied considerably and were not significantly different from baseline values. Serum thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine values in both the i.v.- and p.o.-treated groups were not changed significantly from baseline values. Serum corticosterone values were not changed in the i.v.-treated groups but they were decreased at various times in the p.o.-treated group. Although there were some sporadic significant changes in the parameters measured versus baseline values all values remained within the physiologic limits for ducks. The safety of fenbendazole has been previously demonstrated for several species.     

IOHEXOL AND IOPAMIDOL MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG: A CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND MYELOGRAPHIC QUALITY

In a blind clinical trial, adverse effects after iohexol and iopamidol myelography were evaluated in 151 dogs. Eighty-one dogs were given iohexol (240 mgI/ml) and 70 dogs were given iopamidol (200 mgI/ml) by pre-determined assignment. Each dog was evaluated postmyelographically for seizures, hyperthermia, prolonged recovery from anesthesia and intensification of pre-existing neural signs. Myelographic quality was evaluated with a subjective scoring method. In comparing iohexol and iopamidol groups, there was not a statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects or in myelographic quality. Iopamidol and iohexol appeared to be equally efficacious for routine canine myelography.     

The heterogenicity of Cowdria ruminantium stocks: cross-immunity and serology in sheep and pathogenicity to mice

Ten stocks of Cowdria ruminantium (Ball 3, Breed, Comoro, Germishuys, Kümm, Kwanyanga, Mali, Mara, Nonile and Welgevonden) were compared from a cross-immunity, serological and mouse pathogenicity point of view. They were found to differ in varying degrees. Except for the Ball 3, Comoro and Germishuys stocks that were similar but not identical, there was no pattern in the antigenic diversity of the 10 stocks. The Welgevonden stock emerged as the stock that elicits an immunity against most of the South African stocks. The inability of the reference Ball 3 stock to protect sheep against no fewer than 6 other stocks questions the advisability of retaining this stock as the vaccine stock. The antigenic diversity of the 10 stocks could not be correlated with the antibody levels detected with the indirect fluorescent antibody test, since the sera against all 10 stocks reacted positively to the Kümm stock antigen and the variation in titres was not stock-related.     

Crystals of cellulose grown from TFA solution

Summary Crystallization experiments starting from highly concentrated solutions of cellulose in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) resulted in white crystalline particles with diameters of as much as 0.5 mm. The plate-like particles consist of lamellae arranged perpendicular to the surface. The lamellae are grown from thin scale-like platelets showing clear diffraction reflexes and an internal parallel structure. Parallel structures were also detected in partially hydrolyzed cellulose. It is concluded that cellulose chains of low DP tend to rearrange themselves by a side by side accumulation of extended molecules.     

Subchondral lucency of the third carpal bone in Standardbred racehorses: 13 cases (1982-1988)

Thirteen Standardbreds had subchondral lucency of the third carpal bone (C3), described as single or multiple central areas of C3 bone loss in the radial fossa. Sclerosis of the radial fossa was also detected. The mean age of 9 stallions, 3 mares, and 1 gelding was 4.1 years (range, 3 to 7 years). All horses had an acute moderate to severe lameness referable to the middle carpal joint. A dorsoproximal dorsodistal (skyline) radiographic projection was most useful and identified mild (3 horses), moderate (6 horses), and severe (4 horses) subchondral lucency and sclerosis of the radial fossa. The margin of C3 was intact dorsal to the lucent areas in all horses. In 12 horses, arthroscopic surgical evaluation and curettage of the lesion were performed. Of the 9 horses monitored long enough to allow racing, 8 horses (89%) returned to racing, although only 6 (75%) raced at the same degree of competition. Subchondral lucency of C3 resulted from chronic damage to C3 with subsequent osteochondral collapse or acute C3 proximal surface osteochondral fracture.     

Clinical reference values for serum protein electrophoresis for the llama (Lama glama)

Serum protein electrophoresis was performed on 71 clinically healthy juvenile and adult llamas (6 juvenile males, 7 juvenile females, 25 adult males, 13 adult females, and 20 pregnant females) to determine normal serum protein concentrations. Values were reported for each of the 5 groups because the groups were not homogeneous in all 8 peaks. Although the values reported here may serve as reference values for adults, they represent only a guideline for the juveniles because of the limited number of animals in each of these groups.     

Evaluation of three strip tests for measuring electrolytes in mares' pre-partum mammary secretions and for predicting parturition

Three strip test kits which measure calcium and/or magnesium in mares' mammary secretions were compared and assessed for their accuracy in:- 1) measuring these electrolytes compared to standard laboratory measurements, and 2) predicting the time of parturition. Daily samples of mammary secretions were obtained pre-partum from 35 Thoroughbred mares and allocated a score. Measurement of mammary secretion calcium and/or magnesium by the strip tests and laboratory methods correlated significantly (P less than 0.001). The results obtained for prediction of parturition were analysed by two methods. Method i) indicated that the majority of mares had a maximum score on the day of birth. However, the second method of analysis included all prepartum scores and this demonstrated that maximum scores occurred on more occasions prior to the day of birth than on the day of birth itself. The number of nights spent attending mares, and the percentage of occasions when foaling was missed, were also calculated for given strip test scores. The results indicate that the test kits are not particularly accurate in predicting time of parturition although they are a reliable means of measuring mammary secretion calcium and/or magnesium. It is suggested that the test kits may be more helpful by indicating when it is not necessary to attend mares at night.     

Calcium fluxes across the wall of the ovine reticulorumen in vivo

Calcium fluxes were measured, in vivo, in both directions across the ovine reticulorumen wall of four sheep when the luminal potassium concentration was either 30 mmol litre-1 or 90 mmol litre-1. Neither fluxes were affected by an increased potassium concentration although net magnesium absorption was decreased (PO less than 0.05) and the transmural potential difference was increased (P less than 0.01) under these conditions. The results obtained suggest that, unlike magnesium, calcium is transported bidirectionally across ovine ruminal tissue independently of the transmural potential difference across the rumen wall.     

Lipid mobilization by obese and lean pigs infused with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol

Generally obese and lean pigs in both the fed and fasted states were anesthetized and then acutely infused with increasing concentrations of the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Plasma free fatty acid (FFA), blood glycerol, glucose and lactate, and heart rate were monitored during the infusion period. Data were reduced by estimating the parameters of the generalized logistic function (minimum, maximum, ED50 and slope) and subsequently analyzed to compare the lean and obese genotypes within nutritional state. Lactate data could not be fitted to this function because the upper asymptote was not approached during the experiment. The minimum plasma concentration of FFA tended (P less than .1) to be less in obese than in lean pigs. The maximum, ED50 and slope for the responses of FFA were similar for obese and lean pigs in fed pigs and in fasted pigs. In fed pigs, the minimum glycerol concentration was greater in obese than in lean pigs, and the ED50 for heart rate tended to be lower in lean than in obese pigs. All other estimated parameters for the variables were similar in fed obese and lean pigs. In fasted pigs, the maximum glucose concentration was greater in obese than in lean pigs. All other parameters for the variables were similar in fasted obese and lean pigs. The results suggest that there was no major defect in lipid mobilization in these obese pigs (only a lower minimum FFA concentration was detected) and that an increased maximum blood glucose concentration in the fasting state might contribute to the obesity.