Der Einsatz von Trichogramma-Schlupfwespen in Deutschland

The use of Trichogramma egg parasitoids has further increased. T. brassicae, released against the European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis, holds the largest share in Germany with 11,000 hectare. For small-scale fruits crops the commercial use of T. cacoeciae and T. dendrolimi against the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) and the Plum Moth (Grapholita funebrana) has been expanded. Trichogramma species are also being offered for controlling the vine moths, Lobesia botrana and Eupoecilia ambiguella on grapevine in homegardens. A strain of T. evanescens is available against cabbage pests, especially noctuids. Research has been conducted on the biological control of Autographa gamma in spinach, as well as of the Pea Moth (Cydia nigricana) and the Leek Moth (Acrolepiopsis assectella) in organic farming. Trichogramma is also important for the biocontrol of exotic pests in greenhouses. These are often polyphagous pests that have been introduced together with ornamental plants, such as Duponchelia fovealis and Clepsis spectrana. The Carnation Tortrix (Cacoecimorpha pronuba) was successfully controlled by Trichogramma in the field. The use of Trichogramma has been further established for the control of storage pests. T. evanescens is used against the Indian Meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) in stored cereal products. Other target pests in storage environments are Ephestia kuehniella and Sitotroga cerealella. In addition, Trichogramma species have been tested for the control of the Common Cloths Moth (Tineola bisselliella) under laboratory conditions. The range of target pests for Trichogramma egg parasitoids has therefore increased considerably in research and commercial applications in Germany.     

Biotechnische Regulierung der Kohlmottenschildlaus in Kohlgem��se �C Sachstand und Perspektiven

The cabbage whitefly,Aleyrodes proletella, has developed to a key pest in brassica vegetable crops throughout Germany. In a 3-year project we investigated a biotechnical approach employing netting (0.8?×?0.8 mm meshsize) in combination with the native parasitoidEncarsia tricolor in an inoculative-inundative approach in organic Brussels sprouts under field conditions. In small scale plot experiments continuous netting from transplanting in May till October alone reduced whitefly larval densities by 77 % at peak infestation in all years. Remaining whitefly infestation under net was associated with the necessity of temporary net removal for the purpose of mechanical weeding, which caused primary whitefly infestation. Release of mass rearedE. tricolour under net at the first signs of larval infestation significantly increasedA. proletella-parasitation and reduced infestation compared to netted controls without release. Furthermore, at highest dosage in 2009,E. tricolor had a significant enhancing effect on raw yield and the quality level of marketable yield. Additional on-farm experiments without netting in 2008 and 2009 confirmed the control potential ofE. tricolor. Although the most important project mile stones have been achieved, namely (a)E. tricolour-establishment under net and in the open field, (b) enhanced parasitation corresponding with pest density decline and (c) a positive impact on yield and quality parameters, further research will be necessary. The focus should be on the initial infestation period, optimizing the timing, frequency and required dosage.     

竹类对真菌的感受性

本文对来自几个不同国家竹类茎秆的霉菌和担子菌进行分离和DNA测序鉴定。对蓝变真菌的纯培养的样品的实验室染色试验表明,正如发生在木材细胞组织中的一样,密集的褐变菌丝、厚垣孢子对组织的侵染和木质化细胞壁的渗透压扭作用。利用不同的测试安排的纯培养的白变、褐变和软腐真菌的退化实验表明,相当大的质量损失是由于白化菌和软腐菌引起的。本研究通过透射电镜证实了真菌攻击的微观形态学表现。研究结果改变了真菌破坏竹子的基本看法,需要改进竹资源更好利用和更适当保护的措施。     

甜椒栽培实用技术指南

为实现甜椒丰产、优质、高效、安全的生产目标,促进世界辣椒产业发展,本文从甜椒对气候与土壤的要求,到栽培中品种选择、种子处理、育苗、移栽、施肥、田间准备和采收,提出了甜椒栽培技术指南。并列举了常见甜椒生产中的主要病虫害,提出了综合性防治措施。     

Basics of effective erosion control in German agriculture

Present research in Germany on water, wind, and tillage erosion is examined. Existing soil‐protection strategies, laws, and guidelines are outlined. These are the result of extensive scientific investigations and the adoption of existing international knowledge. The most common methodologies currently used in Germany are reviewed. They allow an estimation of the water‐ and wind‐erosion risks as well as methods for their reduction. The results enable an aim‐orientated, site‐specific, risk‐adequate approach to implementing control measures in an easily understood framework. The most important remaining research problems are explained.     

The occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes in lower Saxony: identification of a high risk area by spatial epidemiological cluster analysis

There is considerable interest in the spatial distribution of Echinococcus multilocularis in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.), because this parasite causes the zoonoses of alveolar echinococcosis which is potentially of high fatality rate. High risk areas are known from France, Switzerland and the Swabian Alb in Germany for a long time. In this work, the spatial scan statistic is introduced as an instrument for identification and localisation of high risk areas, so called disease clusters in spatial epidemiology. The use of the spatial scan statistic along with data about the distribution of the parasite in 5365 red foxes in Lower Saxony, that were collected during 1991 to 1997, led to the identification of another high risk area. The relative risk for this disease cluster is approximated by RR = 5.03 (CI0.95(RR) = [4.27; 6.58]) for the period of 1991 to 1994 and by RR = 4.45 (CI0.95(RR) = [3.53; 5.59]) for the period of 1994 to 1997, respectively.     

Performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed diets with increasing levels of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mimosa tenuiflora</Emphasis> (Willd.) hay replacing Buffel grass hay

This study evaluated the performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed diets with increasing levels of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) hay replacing Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris). Twenty-eight Santa Inês male lambs with an average body weight (BW) of 20.3 ± 1.49 kg(mean ± SD) were allocated in individual stalls and distributed in a completely random design with four treatments (0, 20, 40, and 60 g/100 g total DM M. tenuiflora hay replacing Buffel grass hay in diet) with seven replications. M. tenuiflora hay at the level of 20% dry matter (DM) total replacing Buffel grass hay increased final weight (P = 0.006), total weight gain (P < 0.001), average daily weight gain (ADWG; P < 0.001), DM intake (P < 0.001), and feed efficiency (P < 0.001). Intake of crude protein, NDF_ap, ADF_ap, ash, ether extract, total and non-fibrous carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients presented a positive quadratic effect with M. tenuiflora hay replacing Buffel grass hay and 40 g/100 g total DM level presented greater intake. There were positive quadratic effects by M. tenuiflora hay inclusion at 20 g/100 g total DM level on slaughtering weight (P = 0.005), hot carcass weight (P = 0.002), cold carcass weight (P = 0.002), empty body weight (P = 0.001), hot carcass yield (P = 0.002), cold carcass yield (P = 0.003), and increase linear on biological yield (P = 0.003). There was no influence on cooling weight loss (P = 0.284). M. tenuiflora hay may be included in lamb diets at amounts up to 20 g/100 g total DM substitution of Buffel grass hay because increase in the nutrients intake, growth performance, and carcass characteristics.     

Beef authentication and retrospective dietary verification using stable isotope ratio analysis of bovine muscle and tail hair

Stable isotope ratio analysis (SIRA) was used as an analytical tool to verify the preslaughter diet of beef cattle. Muscle and tail hair samples were collected from animals fed either pasture (P), a barley-based concentrate (C), silage followed by pasture (SiP), or silage followed by pasture with concentrate (SiPC) for 1 year (n = 25 animals per treatment). The (13)C/(12)C, (15)N/(14)N, (2)H/(1)H, and (34)S/(32)S isotope ratios in muscle clearly reflected those of the diets consumed by the animals. By applying a stepwise canonical discriminant analysis, a good discrimination of bovine meat according to dietary regimen was obtained. On the basis of the classification success rate, the (13)C/(12)C and (34)S/(32)S ratios in muscle were the best indicators for authentication of beef from animals consuming the different diets. Analysis of (13)C/(12)C and (15)N/(14)N in tail hair sections provided an archival record of changes to the diet of the cattle for periods of over 1 year preslaughter.