少根紫萍对湿地污染水体的修复研究

大量含氮、磷的污水未经处理直接排放到当地河流湖泊等自然水体中,导致湿地环境越来越恶劣,水体富营养化程度加剧,对污染水体的修复已迫在眉睫。本实验以1/5的Hoagland溶液为培养液,设置0 mL·L^-1、20 mL·L^-1、40 mL·L^-1、80 mL·L^-1、160 mL·L^-1五个铜绿微囊藻接种浓度梯度与0 mg·m^-2、100 mg·m^-2、200 mg·m^-2、400 mg·m^-2、800 mg·m^-2 5个少根紫萍接种浓度梯度进行双因素正交试验。结果发现,在0~15 d内,所有少根紫萍接种浓度和铜绿微囊藻接种浓度处理下,水体中总氮(TN)、磷(TP)含量随着接种时间的增加而降低,且铜绿微囊藻和少根紫萍共培养比各自单独培养对污染水体具有更好的修复效果。15d后测定培养液中藻毒素和少根紫萍体内藻毒素含量,结果表明少根紫萍可有效吸收培养液中的藻毒素。以上结果表明,低浓度铜绿微囊藻可促进少根紫萍生长,高浓度铜绿微囊藻抑制少根紫萍生长,少根紫萍可有效吸收培养液中的TN、TP和藻毒素。在铜绿微囊藻浓度为20 mL·L^-1、少根紫萍接种浓度为400 mg·m^-2时,浮萍生长状况最好,对培养液中TN、TP及藻毒素的去除率也达到最高。综上所述,低浓度铜绿微囊藻和100%覆盖率的少根紫萍共培养用于湿地水体修复具有良好的修复效果。     

斑马鱼端脑的微细形态与结构

为了深入了解斑马鱼端脑的微细形态和超微结构,采用光镜和电镜技术对斑马鱼端脑进行观察研究。斑马鱼端脑由左、右嗅球和左、右大脑半球构成。嗅球前方有一对嗅神经,后端伸出嗅茎与大脑半球联系。光镜下,嗅球组织结构从外向内依次为上皮层、神经纤维层、小细胞层和内部细胞层。大脑半球外部覆盖很薄的大脑皮,基部为纹状体,两者之间的腔隙为公共脑室。纹状体由神经核团和神经纤维构成。神经核团分布于纹状体周缘,主要有连前核、背嗅核、侧嗅核、视前核和脚内核等。神经纤维包括横行的前连合,纵行和斜行的中央嗅束和侧嗅束。电镜下,嗅球分层明显,可观察到僧帽细胞、神经胶质细胞和众多突触。大脑半球中可见神经胶质细胞、突触以及血脑屏障系统等。斑马鱼端脑形态结构与大多数硬骨鱼相似,但有个别核团存在差异。实验结果可为斑马鱼神经生物学模型的建立与应用提供有效的理论基础。     

Iodine‐enriched rotifers and Artemia prevent goitre in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae reared in a recirculation system

To study the effect of dietary supplementation of iodine in Solea senegalensis, larvae were randomly distributed in six tanks. Larvae in three tanks were given rotifers and Artemia enriched with iodine in addition to Rich Advance or Super Selco from 2 days after hatch (DAH) until 31 DAH. Larvae in a second set of three tanks were fed control rotifers and Artemia, enriched only with Rich Advance or Super Selco. Samples were collected at 2, 5, 10, 15 and 31 DAH to determine dry weight, total length, myotome height and thyroid status. Larvae fed the iodine‐enriched diet had significantly higher weight at 31 DAH and higher levels of whole body iodine concentration, compared to control larvae. At 31 DAH, larvae from the control treatment showed typical goitrous thyroid follicles. Thyroid cells of larvae from this treatment appeared columnar or afollicular, with the colloid partly or completely depleted, representative of hyperplasia (goitre). The lower growth rate in fish larvae from the control treatment was possibly a consequence of the hyperplasia, and the iodine enrichment prevented Senegalese sole larvae from developing goitre. This study demonstrates the importance of iodine enrichment of live feed for fish reared in a recirculation system.     

同时蒸馏萃取与气相色谱-质谱联用分析蚕蛹挥发性成分

采用同时蒸馏萃取(SDE)法结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对缫丝蚕蛹和鲜蚕蛹中的挥发性成分进行分析与比较。结果表明:从缫丝蚕蛹中鉴定出54种主要挥发性化合物,分子质量为84～394 D,其中酯类2种、醇类7种、烃类18种、醛酮类6种、硫化物3种、芳香类11种以及其他化合物7种;从鲜蚕蛹中鉴定出16种主要挥发性化合物,分子质量为92～354 D,其中酯类2种、醇类1种、烃类5种、醛类1种、硫化物1种、芳香类3种以及其他化合物3种。2,4-二(1,1-甲基乙基)-苯酚在缫丝蚕蛹和鲜蚕蛹的挥发性成分中的质量分数最高,分别为7.38%和31.00%,其次为磷酸三丁酯,质量分数分别为5.98%和10.06%。缫丝蚕蛹和鲜蚕蛹中含有的挥发性成分的协同作用构成了它们各自特有的气味。     

乙基多杀菌素在香蕉果实、花瓣和土壤中的残留及消解动态分析

为评估乙基多杀菌素在香蕉上的安全性使用,本研究采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法,检测香蕉植株和土壤中乙基多杀菌素的残留及降解动态。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素在香蕉果实、花瓣和土壤中的检出限(LOD)均为5μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)均为17μg/kg。当乙基多杀菌素在果实、花瓣和土壤中的添加浓度在0.01~0.20 mg/kg时,添加回收率分别为89.6%~95.2%、76.5%~89.8%和75.8%~86.5%,相对标准偏差分别为5.03%~7.10%、5.16%~7.24%和2.26%~5.83%。乙基多杀菌素在香蕉果实、花瓣和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.6、4.5和6.5 d,属于易消解型农药。UPLC-MS/MS法具有灵敏度高、速度快等特点,可利用此法检测香蕉中乙基多杀菌素残留及消解动态。     

Herbage intake and milk production by grazing dairy cows 2. The effects of level of winter feeding and daily herbage allowance

Two experiments are described in which two levels of winter feeding and three levels of herbage allowance during the grazing season were imposed upon March/April calving British Friesian dairy cows. The winter treatments resulted in differences in live weight and milk yield at turnout of 35 and 53 kg and 3·4 and 3·2 kg d^-1 for the two trials. Subsequently, when grazed at generous herbage allowances, the cows were able to compensate for much of this difference but when herbage was restricted the milk yield differences were accentuated. Groups of cows from each winter treatment were offered 25, 50 or 75 (Experiment 1) and 30, 50 or 70 (Experiment 2) g herbage DM per kg LW daily during the grazing season. Daily herbage intakes on the three allowances in each trial were 14·1, 13·3, 10·7 and 12·5, 12·1, 11·5 kg OM and milk yields were 16·0, 15·3, 12·5 and 15·2, 14·3, 11·8 kg SCM respectively. Both intake and milk production were depressed once the cows were forced to consume more than 50% of herbage on offer or to graze the sward down to a mean height of less than 8–10 cm. Grazing behaviour observations indicated that under rotational managements the cows did not compensate for restrictions in available herbage by grazing longer. Highest levels of milk production per unit area were observed in both trials when production per cow was depressed by 20–25%.     

氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留分析及膳食风险评估

建立了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,在云南进行了规范残留试验,研究了氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的残留消解行为并进行了长期膳食暴露风险评估。结果表明：在0.01~1 mg/kg添加范围内,氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉全果和果肉中的平均回收率分别为75%~115%和78%~106%,相对标准偏差分别为1.0%~5.0%和1.0%~5.3%,方法最低检出浓度均为0.01 mg/kg。氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在云南香蕉中的半衰期分别为16.9、20.4 d。施药后21、28、35 d收获的香蕉中,氟唑菌酰羟胺残留量均低于0.01 mg/kg,苯醚甲环唑在香蕉中的最高残留量为0.048 mg/kg。风险评估结果表明,香蕉中氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑残留长期膳食摄入风险较低,处于安全水平。该方法准确度高,灵敏度高,线性良好;残留消解试验及膳食风险评估为氟唑菌酰羟胺和苯醚甲环唑在香蕉上的合理安全使用提供科学依据。     

水稻黑条矮缩病抗性资源的筛选和抗性QTL的定位

通过水稻黑条矮缩病的田间鉴定发现,分蘖盛期的病状最为显著,是病症观察的最佳时期。对江苏省311份粳稻品种进行重病区田间鉴定试验,未发现对黑条矮缩病毒(RBSDV)免疫的品种。江苏省目前正在推广的24个主栽水稻品种发病率在10.0%～30.0%之间,曾推广的287份粳稻品种中,71.5%的品种发病率在10.0%～29.0%之间,其余品种发病率在29%以上。来源于日本的粳稻品种Koshihikari的黑条矮缩病发病率相对较低,籼稻高产品种桂朝2号为感病品种。利用Koshihikari/桂朝2号RILs群体进行抗RBSDV的基因定位,结果在第3染色体上标记RM7～RM5748之间检测到1个抗黑条矮缩病的QTL,来自Koshihikari的等位基因增强了水稻黑条矮缩病的抗性,携带抗性位点的家系明显提高了对RBSDV的抗性。本研究结果将为研究水稻黑条矮缩病和水稻抗黑条矮缩病分子育种提供重要信息。     

三元配合物Co(L-phe)(Aa)稳定性研究

应用pH电位滴定法研究了三元配合物Co(L-phe)(Aa)[L-phe为苯丙氨酸根,Aa-为L-val(缬氨酸根)、L-leu(亮氨酸根)、L-ile(异亮氨酸根)或L-trp(色氨酸根)]在水溶液中的稳定性[t=25℃,c(NaclO4)=0．1mol/L],三元配合物相对稳定性用δk[δk=△logK-△logKS,其中△logK=logK^Go Go (L-phe)（Aa）-logK^Go Go (L-phe)-logK^Go Go（Aa）,△logKS=1／2(△logK(L-phe) △10gK（Aa） log2)]表示,结果表明：与相关L-丙氨酸(L-ala)配合物Co(L-phe)(L-ala)相比,所有这些配合物均具有相对较高的δK值,表明配合物分子内存在着额外的稳定化作用,这种稳定化作用可能主要归因于三元配合物分子内氨基酸侧链之间的疏水作用,并且这种作用随着氨基酸侧链结构变化而变化。