Thermal antinociceptive pharmacodynamics of 0.1 mg kg−1 hydromorphone administered intramuscularly in cats and effect of concurrent butorphanol administration

Hydromorphone (HY) has not been objectively assessed as an analgesic in cats. It has been suggested that butorphanol (B) can have a synergistic action with pure μ‐agonists. The aim of this study was to assess the antinociceptive activity of a single dose of HY, and to examine the effect of concurrent B administration on the thermal threshold (TT). Thermal thresholds were measured following IM administration of HY, B, a combination of B and HY (HY‐B), or saline (S). Six cats (four spayed females, two castrated males, 4.75–6.8 kg) were used. Each cat received HY (0.1 mg kg^?1), B (0.4 mg kg^?1), HY (0.1 mg kg^?1), and B (0.4 mg kg^?1) (HY‐B), or S (0.05 mL kg^?1) in a randomized, blinded, cross‐over study design. Each cat received each treatment, with at least 12 days interval between the treatments. All injections were IM randomized to left or right quadriceps using a 24 SWG needle. Twenty‐four hours prior to each study, the thorax of each of the cats was shaved. On the day of the study, TT was measured using a thorax‐mounted thermal threshold‐testing device specifically developed for cats. Skin temperature was recorded before each test and then the heater was activated. When the cat responded by flinching, turning, or jumping, the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature was recorded. Three baseline thresholds were recorded over 1 hour before IM injection of test drug. Thermal threshold cut‐off was 55.5 °C. TT was measured at 5 and 15 minutes, every 15 to 360 minutes, every 30 minutes to 8 hours, every hour to 12 hours, and at 24 hours post‐injection. Threshold data were analyzed using an anova with a repeat factor of time. Behavioral adverse effects (dysphoria) were associated with B administration, but not with HY or HY‐B administration (these produced calm euphoria). The control group was stable over time (p = 0.22) (mean threshold 40.15 °C). Overall, there was no period effect, no significant effect of administering B, but a significant effect (raised TT) of administering HY or HY‐B. If the mean value of one of the experimental groups differed from the control group (40.075 °C) by more than 2.355 °C (>42.425 °C), that mean was significantly different from control at p < 0.05 (Bonferroni's t‐tests). This occurred between 15 and 165 minutes for B, from 15 to 345 minutes for HY, and between 15 and 540 minutes for HY‐B. In this model, HY provided up to 5.75 hours of antinociception at 0.1 mg kg^?1, and concurrent administration of butorphanol (0.4 mg kg^?1) decreased the intensity of antinociception over the first 2 hours, but extended the duration of significant antinociception to about 9 hours.     

荒漠草原人工柠条对冠下蒙古冰草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

本研究以盐池县荒漠草原人工柠条林（Caragana intermedia）为研究对象,将蒙古冰草（Agropyron mongolicum）种子分别播于柠条冠下两侧（东侧SE,西侧SW）及带间（CK）,通过定期观测微气候及蒙古冰草的种子萌发和幼苗生长,探讨人工柠条林对冠下微气候、蒙古冰草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：SW和SE的土壤温度分别为18.57℃和18.51℃,显著低于CK（P<0.05）,空气相对湿度分别为40.73%和34.51%,高于CK;不同微生境条件下蒙古冰草幼苗数均在播种后60 d达到最高,自出苗开始至结束,SW和SE的幼苗数均显著高于CK（P<0.05）,总出苗率分别较CK增加了18.97%和20.00%,存活率分别较CK增加了24.04%和17.34%;自播种后45 d起SW和SE的苗高均显著高于CK（P<0.05）,至90 d时SW和SE的苗高分别达10.19 cm和10.01 cm;冗余分析表明空气相对湿度和土壤有机碳是影响蒙古冰草种子萌发和幼苗生长的主要因子。综上所述,柠条灌丛对蒙古冰草种子萌发和幼苗生长具有一定的保育作用。     

Superoxide radical scavenging activity of the major polyphenols in fresh plums

The effect of polyphenols among different varieties of plums on superoxide radical scavenging activity (SRSA) was studied by an enzymatic method and their IC(50) values were determined. We found that the SRSA levels of the polyphenols were closely related to their chemical structures; cyanidin showed the lowest IC(50) among the polyphenols examined, and aglycones are more effective than their glycosides. BY 69-339 cultivar exhibited the lowest IC(50) among the eleven plum cultivars, which means the highest antioxidant activity in scavenging superoxide radicals, followed by French Damson, Cacaks Best, Beltsville Elite B70197, Empress, Castleton, Stanley, NY 6, NY 101, Mirabellier, and NY 9. IC(50) values showed a higher correlation with total flavonoids (r (2) = 0.8699) than total phenolics (r (2) = 0.8355), which indicated that flavonoids might contribute to the total SRSA more directly than other polyphenols. Anthocyanins in plums appeared to be the major contributors to the total SRSA, except for two yellow cultivars having no anthocyanins. Chlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic acid, and it also exhibited SRSA significantly in the range of 1.0 to 94.9%. Quercetins were the major flavonols in plums. However, they showed relatively low contribution to the total SRSA.     

Phenolic extraction from apple peel by cellulases from Thermobifida fusca

With the optimization of the pretreatment conditions for the crude Thermobifida fusca cellulase activity and phenolic release from apple peel, we focused on the activity of individual purified cellulase related to the antioxidant activity. The overall phenolic release was significantly increased in a synergistic manner with combined pretreatment, not with individual pretreatment such as boiling, acid, and pectinase treatment. Approximately 60 mg of reducing sugar equivalent were produced per g of apple peel by treatment with T. fusca crude extract, and up to 3 times more reducing sugars were released when the apple peel was boiled and then treated with acid and pectinase. There was good correlation between the release of phenolics and reducing sugar by cellulase treatment and also between the amount of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity by each enzyme treatment (r2> 0.95). Among the tested enzymes purified from T. fusca cell extract, cellulase activity on apple peel was the highest with cellulase 6A (Cel 6A; 43% digestion), and the highest antioxidant capacity was obtained by incubation with Cel 6B (16 mg vitamin C equiv/g). Synergism in the activity was found from the combined treatment with Cel 6A and 6B in both cellulase activity and antioxidant capacity after 20 h of incubation. Cel 9A (progressive endocellulase) exhibited greater cellulase activity and antioxidant capacity than Cel 9A cd which lacks in cellulose-binding module, indicating that the cellulose-binding domain might play important roles in cellulolysis of apple peel. This study could provide some insights into the action mechanism of various cellulases on the digestion of cellulose-containing byproducts and expand the opportunity for cellulase utilization in the extraction of functional ingredients from the plant-derived byproducts.     

不同浓度的萘乙酸处理对苜蓿无性繁殖影响初探

为提高苜蓿单一性状,加速苜蓿的良种繁殖,针对苜蓿在高寒高海拔地区种植难、返青缓慢的特点,用不同浓度的萘乙酸处理苜蓿插条,进行了无性繁殖的探索和研究.试验结果表明萘乙酸处理苜蓿插条的最适浓度是4 g萘乙酸/5 kg水,其苜蓿插条成活率达到81.7%,返青率达86.7%.     

Self-assembly of ordered microporous materials from rod-coil block copolymers

Rod-coil diblock copolymers in a selective solvent for the coil-like polymer self-organize into hollow spherical micelles having diameters of a few micrometers. Long-range, close-packed self-ordering of the micelles produced highly iridescent periodic microporous materials. Solution-cast micellar films consisted of multilayers of hexagonally ordered arrays of spherical holes whose diameter, periodicity, and wall thickness depended on copolymer molecular weight and composition. Addition of fullerenes into the copolymer solutions also regulated the microstructure and optical properties of the microporous films. These results demonstrate the potential of hierarchical self-assembly of macromolecular components for engineering complex two- and three-dimensional periodic and functional mesostructures.     

免疫抑制剂环磷酰胺对肉仔鸡生产性能及其内分泌的影响

本研究观察了免疫抑制剂环磷酰胺对肉仔鸡生产性能及其内分泌的影响,旨在探讨免疫抑制状态下肉仔鸡营养代谢的变化特点。120只20 d体重相近的健康AA雄性肉仔鸡随机分为2组：生理盐水组和环磷酰胺组,分别一次性腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水和环磷酰胺（10 mg/kg BW）。每日记录采食量和收集全部粪样,分组后第1、3、5、8、13天随机从每组取4只鸡,称重、心脏无菌采血后处死,迅速摘取脾脏、法式囊及左侧胸腺,剔除脂肪后称重,然后立即置于液氮保存。实验室进行饲料表观代谢能、粗脂肪和粗蛋白表观消化率、T、B淋巴细胞增殖能力、血清糖皮质激素（GC）、胰岛素（insulin）和甲状腺激素（T3和T4）水平及脾脏、法式囊和胸腺中IL-1βI、L-2和IFN-γmRNA含量的测定。结果：处理后第1天环磷酰胺组,（1）肉仔鸡法式囊指数、B细胞增殖能力、法氏囊中IL-1βmRNA和脾脏、法式囊中IFN-γ mRNA的含量显著降低（P〈0.05）。（2）肉仔鸡体重显著增加（P〈0.05）,肉仔鸡采食量、粗脂肪和粗蛋白表观消化率显著降低（P〈0.05）。（3）血清GC水平极显著降低（P〈0.01）,血清insulin水平显著升高（P〈0.05）。（4）除处理后第3天环磷酰胺组体重仍显著升高（P〈0.05）外,其它时间各项指标都没有显著变化（P〉0.05）。这些结果表明,环磷酰胺诱发了肉仔鸡的免疫抑制,在这种免疫抑制状态下肉仔鸡生产性能得到了提高,糖皮质激素分泌降低而胰岛素分泌升高。     

不同浓度的萘乙酸处理对苜蓿无性繁殖影响初探

为提高苜蓿单一性状,加速苜蓿的良种繁殖,针对苜蓿在高寒高海拔地区种植难、返青缓慢的特点, 用不同浓度的萘乙酸处理苜蓿插条,进行了无性繁殖的探索和研究。试验结果表明:萘乙酸处理苜蓿插条的最适浓度是4 g萘乙酸/5kg水,其苜蓿插条成活率达到81．7％,返青率达86．7％。     

小麦微效基因和修饰基因的选择理论与实践

本文作者在实践中发现小麦多基因性状后期选择的重要性，并从遗传学理论上论述了微效基因、修饰基因后期选择的有效性、可遗传性。在实践与理论相印证的基础上，提出了小麦育种在新品种参加生产试验时或审定时（一般世代为F11～F13代）进行三圃提纯选择是十分必要的，不仅可改善新品种品质，而且还可以起到传统的提纯复壮作用，提高产量，增强抗逆性，发挥新品种的利用价值，延长品种的使用寿命，对当今生产实践具有重要指导意义。