日光温室杏果实发育规律研究

对日光温室与露地栽培的金太阳杏果实生长发育规律进行了观察与分析。结果表明,日光温室栽培可使杏果实发育的第一速生期、第二速生期延长,果实发育的缓慢生长期缩短,整个生育期较露地栽培延长了15d;日光温室内金太阳杏第一速生期的生长速率显著低于露地,第二速生期的累积生长量显著高于露地;较低的夜间温度是造成温室内杏果实第一速生期较长、生长较慢以及果实个体较大的原因;日光温室内金太阳杏果实的横径、纵径与鲜果质量之间存在明显的乘幂回归关系(r=0.98**,r=0.99**);日光温室内金太阳杏鲜果质量与发育时间之间的关系符合Log istic生长曲线(r=-0.99**)。     

马铃薯叶片气孔的开张与关闭同步伴随果胶的降解与合成

【目的】 比较气孔关闭与不同气孔密度开张之间叶片分化表达蛋白质及其积累变化,揭示果胶代谢如何调控气孔开张和关闭,为深入理解气孔的环境适应功能提供依据。【方法】 构建体内过量和抑制StEPF-2（EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR 2 from Solanum tuberosum）表达载体,以茎段为外植体,转化马铃薯克新1号植株,获得不同气孔密度的转化株系,以黑暗条件下气孔关闭为对照,采用RNA-seq和iTRAQ分别检测不同处理和对照叶片的基因和蛋白质表达谱,比较不同气孔密度分化表达的蛋白质,并通过StEPF-2标记的pulldown和LC-MS/MS结果确认,明确不同气孔密度特异诱导表达的胞壁果胶代谢参与的蛋白质。【结果】 叶片成熟过程中,随着气孔的关闭和开张,至少有14个蛋白质家族参与了保卫细胞壁果胶的代谢;黑暗条件下,气孔关闭时有5个蛋白质家族特异表达,分别是阻止HGs水解的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制子（polygalacturonase inhibitor,PGI）、RG侧链合成的UDP-鼠李糖合成酶（rhamnose synthase,RHM）、半乳聚糖β-1,4半乳糖基转移酶（galactan β-1,4-galactosyltransferase,GALS）、UDP-D-葡萄糖醛-4-异构酶（UDP-D-glucuronate 4-epimerase,GAE）和聚半乳糖4-α-半乳糖转移酶（polygalacturonate 4-α-galacturonosyltransferase,GAUT）;光照条件下,在不同气孔密度的叶片中检出4个蛋白质家族特异表达,它们分别是降解果胶C6甲酯的果胶甲基酯酶（pectinmethylesterase,PME）、内切和末端水解果胶的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）、α-半乳糖苷酶（α-galactosidase,AGAL）和类果胶裂解酶（pectate lyase-like,PLL）。另有5个蛋白质家族同时参与了气孔的开张和关闭,它们分别是阿拉伯半乳聚糖-蛋白质（aabinogalactan-protein,AGP）、果胶乙酰酯酶（pectinacetylesterase,PAE）、β-半乳糖苷酶（β-galactosidase,BGAL）、类枯草杆菌蛋白酶（subtilase-like,SBT）和果胶甲基酯酶抑制子（pectinesterase inhibitor,PMEI）。【结论】 光照条件下,PME催化果胶去甲酯,其后PG和PLL及AGAL分别内切和末端水解果胶,丧失结构的果胶在膨压下开裂,打开气孔;黑暗条件下,PGIP抑制果胶水解,RHM增强果胶侧链合成,结构完整的果胶自行膨胀,保持气孔关闭。     

遥控自动立木整枝机运动控制系统

正确的控制逻辑是自动立木整枝机运动控制系统的关键技术.该文根据作业要求,研制了基于复杂可编程逻辑器件的自动立木整枝机运动控制系统.该系统采用自制的新型电动机位置动态检测装置,通过复杂数字逻辑运算及相应的闭环控制驱动电路,实现对人工林自动立木整枝机控制信号的分组、实时控制.该运动控制系统设计合理、控制逻辑准确,已成功应用于BSR Z23 001A人工林自动立木整枝机,工作可靠,使用效果良好.      

Ultraviolet B radiation-mediated stress ethylene emission from rice plants is regulated by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase-producing bacteria

Dear Editor,Industrial emissions have played a major role in damaging the ozone layer,leading to increased atmospheric penetration of ultraviolet B (UV-B)(290–320 nm) radiation (Jordan,2002).The recovery rate of the damaged ozone layer in the mid-latitudes and tropics has been insignificant since 1979(Chipperfield et al.,2017),even after the adoption of the Montreal Protocol (Protocol,1987),and the recovery process is expected to take many decades.In the meantime,UV-B radiation continues to penetrate the atmosphere (McKenzie et al.,2011;Bais et al.,2019).The characteristic short length and high energy of this radiation wavelength can directly affect major molecules,such as DNA,proteins,and lipids,which are important to living beings (Hideg et al.,2013).Rice is one of the major global crops,which is generally cultivated at lower latitudes and can potentially be exposed to a higher flux of UV radiation due to greater solar angles and longer duration of sunlight (Kataria and Guruprasad,2012).     

短期氮添加对荒漠草原土壤微生物特征的影响

为探究荒漠草原土壤微生物特征对短期氮添加的响应,以宁夏荒漠草原为对象,参照国内外同类研究和当地的氮沉降量,设置N0、N1、N2、N3、N4的5个处理,其纯氮添加量分别为0,2.5,5,10,15 g/(m²·a),以尿素为氮源进行为期2年的氮添加试验,对不同氮添加处理下荒漠草原浅层土壤微生物特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)随氮添加量的增加,荒漠草原0—20 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量呈升高的变化趋势,硝态氮含量呈先升高后下降的变化趋势。在0—10 cm土层,N1、N2、N3、N4处理草地铵态氮含量较N0处理分别增加了109.61％,136.52％,197.19％,198.88％,硝态氮含量以N2处理草地最高,显著高于N0、N3、N4处理(P<0.05)。(2)与N0相比,施氮后0—10 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量显著下降,N1、N2、N3和N4处理分别较N0处理降低了37.54％,38.11％,28.56％,29.81％。(3)随氮添加量的增加,荒漠草原0—10 cm土层土壤真菌数量呈逐渐减少的变化趋势,N0、N1处理草地显著大于N3、N4处理草地(P＜0.05)。PcoA分析显示高氮添加处理(N3、N4)对荒漠草原土壤amoA区、nirK区微生物的群落结构有显著改变。高氮添加(N3、N4)会对荒漠草原土壤微生物群落产生负面影响,具体表现为真菌数量减少,硝态氮含量降低,氮转化微生物的α多样性和优势菌丰度降低,群落结构发生显著改变。     

安普霉素对仔猪养分代谢率及氮沉积的影响

20头28日龄大长北三元杂交断奶仔公猪随机分为4组，分别饲养于不同环境温度（28℃、15℃）下的代谢笼内，饲喂含有不同剂量安普霉素（0、90、150mg／kg）的日粮．试验期为2周．后7d进行全收粪代谢试验，观测安普霉素时仔猪物质表观代谢率及氮沉积的影响。研究结果表明，在低温环境下日粮中添加安普霉素可抵御寒冷应激，改善仔猪日粮干物质和蛋白质的表观代谢率，增加机体氮的沉积，其中150mg／kg安普霉素可显著提高仔猪日增重70．5％（P〈0．05）、改善饲料转化率32．7％（P〈0．05），并能提高采食量、降低发病死亡率。在低温环境下，应适当加大抗生素的添加剂量。     

Trichinella spiralis infection induces angiogenic factor thymosin β4 expression

Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) has been reported to up-regulate the expression of the angiogenic molecule vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) during nurse cell formation. In order to analyze the induction of angiogenesis by T. spiralis, the expression patterns of angiogenesis-related proteins were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis. VEGF expression was induced in the infected muscles at an early stage of infection (10 days after infection) and diminished after 3 weeks. Thymosin β4, a major factor which induces VEGF, showed increased expression in muscle fibers 10 days after infection, and the expression remained high in the nurse cells for 6 weeks, when the formation of the nurse cell complex was completed. The hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α showed a diffuse expression pattern around the infected muscle fibers and was strongly expressed in inflammatory cells but was not related to the hypoxic condition caused by nurse cell formation. Localization of the hypoxic regions by the hypoxia marker, pimonidazole showed T. spiralis infection does not induce a hypoxic condition in nurse cells. These results suggest that the expression of VEGF and thymosin β4 induce angiogenesis and the expression of thymosin β4 remained elevated to potentially regulate nurse cell formation and maintenance.     

Geomorphic features and soil formation of arid lands in Northeastern Jordan

Arid and semiarid lands occupy about one-third of the Earth's land surface. Interpretation of soil formation and geomorphic features of arid lands is needed to assess their soil ecological potentials, limitations, problems and management needs. The objective of this paper was to study the geomorphic features and soil formation of the arid lands in northeastern Jordan, to provide information that could be used by land managers in the study area and other arid land areas. Five representative soil pedons were excavated and described in the field. Soil samples from each horizon per pedon were taken to the laboratory for chemical and physical analyses. Geomorphic features of the area were also studied. Most of studied land surfaces are plains where eolian deflation has exposed loose gravels consisting predominantly of pebbles forming desert pavements. Desert pavements cover most of the land surface, excluding the mud playas, and are composed of basalt clasts. The accumulation of calcium carbonate and gypsum within these soils create problems for their agricultural development. Accumulation of eolian fine-grained silt has resulted in the formation of a vesicular horizon. The climatic variations during the late quaternary and the late Holocene periods contributed to the development of the desert pavement and the vesicular horizons. Clay illuviation and argillic horizon development within these soils is assumed to be a relict feature from more humid climates during the Quaternary. Sustainable agricultural development of such arid lands may not be easy. In general, these soils have high erodibility, high runoff generation potential, high susceptibility to seal and crust formation, poor water-holding capacity, pedon hardening and structural instability.     

Production of Oocytes of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for In Vitro Fertilization via Hormonal Treatments

Only a few studies have described hormonal treatments for induction of synchronicity and gamete collection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), both important for assortative matings in breeding programmes and essential for polyploidy technologies. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of carp pituitary extract (CPE), Nile tilapia pituitary extract (TPE), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) protocols on the induction of spawning and egg production in Nile tilapia. Among the hormonal treatments analysed, only hCG was effective for producing viable gametes for in vitro fertilization. To verify the viability of this hormonal treatment, hCG was tested using different doses (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 IU/kg) in a large number of females (208 animals) from two Nile tilapia lines. The results indicated that hCG doses between 1000 and 5000 IU/kg could be used to induce final oocyte maturation in Nile tilapia with collection of stripped oocytes. This is the first study to report differential reproductive responses to hormonal treatment between tilapia lines: line 1 was more efficient at producing eggs and post‐hatching larvae after hCG induction than line 2. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the hCG protocol may be applied on a large scale to induce final oocyte maturation in Nile tilapia. The development of a protocol for in vitro fertilization in Nile tilapia may aid in breeding programmes and biotechnological assays for the development of genetically modified lines of Nile tilapia.     

Comparative evaluation of metallic skin staples or polypropylene sutures for primary closure of teat wounds in sheep

ABSTRACT

Aims

To compare stainless steel staples and polypropylene suture material for primary closure of wounds after teat amputation in ewes and to assess progress of healing in the presence or absence of intramammary infection (IMI).