Molecular typing of Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from fish

The genetic variability among Streptococcus agalactiae isolates recovered from fish was characterized using single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the intergenic spacer region (ISR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting. A total of 46 S. agalactiae cultures isolated from different fish species and geographic origins as well as related reference strains were included in the study. ISR-SSCP divided the S. agalactiae isolates analysed into five distinct genotypes. Genotype 1 grouped all Kuwait isolates while genotype 4 clustered the majority of non-Kuwait isolates (USA, Brazil and Honduras). AFLP analysis offered a higher resolution level by dividing the isolates into 13 different genotypes. Two different AFLP profiles were identified within the Kuwait isolates. When data from both ISR-SSCP and AFLP were combined through a multidimensional analysis (MDS), a good correlation between geographical origin and genotypes was observed. Both AFLP and ISR-SSCP revealed genetic differences between S. agalactiae isolates from fish. While AFLP offered a higher resolution, ISR-SSCP also provided valid information being a simpler and faster method.     

自动变速器检测试验台设计

自动变速器是当今汽车最重要的部件之一,其性能直接影响到汽车的动力性、燃油经济性及驾驶性能等。检测自动变速器的性能,需要对自动变速器进行台架试验。本研究设计了一款液压马达低速驱动的变速器检测试验台,介绍了自动变速器检测试验台的组成,设计工作中要解决的主要问题,详细地介绍了试验台驱动系统、加载系统。设计的试验台可用于液压与气动案例教学活动。     

Comparative study of the effects of solid-state fermentation with three filamentous fungi on the total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of subfractions from oats (Avena sativa L.)

The aim of present work was to investigate the effect of solid-state fermentation with filamentous fungi (Aspergillus oryzae var. effuses, Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus niger) on total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of four subfractions of oat, namely, n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol, and water, and compare them to their corresponding subfractions of unfermented oat. The TPC and total flavonoids increased dramatically, especially in EA subfractions (p < 0.05). The levels of antioxidant activity of subfractions were also significantly enhanced (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activities were also found in the EA subfractions. The polyphenols in EA were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography at 280 nm. Most polyphenols were increased remarkably, especially ferulic and caffeic acids. There was a clear correlation between the TPC and antioxidant activity. In conclusion, fungi fermentation is a potential bioprocess for increasing the TPC, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities of oat-based food.     

Blackberry anthocyanins are mainly recovered from urine as methylated and glucuronidated conjugates in humans

The consumption of anthocyanins has been shown to prevent certain chronic diseases. However, anthocyanin metabolism has not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate anthocyanin urinary excretion in humans receiving a meal containing blackberries and to identify possible metabolites in urine. Five healthy volunteers were fed 200 g of blackberries (960 mumol of anthocyanins). Urine samples were collected and rapidly treated by solid-phase extraction. Anthocyanin metabolites were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS-MS and HPLC with UV-vis detection, respectively. In addition to native cyanidin 3-glucoside, several other anthocyanin metabolites were identified in the urine: methylated glycosides, glucuronides of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins, a sulfoconjugate of cyanidin, and anthocyanidins. Total urinary excretion of blackberry anthocyanin metabolites was 0.160 +/- 0.020% (n = 5) of the amount of anthocyanins ingested. Monoglucuronides of anthocyanidins represented >60% of this excretion. Urinary excretion of anthocyanins was maximal between 2 and 4 h after the meal, but continued during the 24 h of the experiment. This study highlighted the influence of aglycon structure on anthocyanin urinary excretion. It demonstrated that anthocyanins are not only methylated but also glucuroconjugated and sulfoconjugated in humans and that the main metabolites of blackberry anthocyanins in human urine were anthocyanidin monoglucuronides.     

表达鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒变异株VP2基因的重组嵌合型新城疫病毒的构建与鉴定

为了研发防控IBDV变异株和基因Ⅶ型NDV感染的高效廉价多联疫苗,将IBDV中国流行变异株的VP2基因共有序列插入到含有基因Ⅶ型NDV毒株F和HN基因的嵌合型NDV LaSota-ⅦF/HN全长基因组cDNA的质粒pNDFL-ⅦF/HN中,构建含有IBDV变异毒株VP2基因的重组NDV全长感染性克隆pNDFL-ⅦF/HN-VP2。将pNDFL-ⅦF/HN-VP2和辅助质粒共转染BHK-21细胞拯救重组NDV rChiLaSota-VP2。利用PCR和Western blot对重组NDV进行鉴定,并对重组病毒的生物学特性进行研究。结果显示,重组NDV rChiLaSota-VP2拯救成功并可以正确表达IBDV VP2蛋白。第25代重组NDV在鸡胚中的生物学特性研究表明,rChiLaSota-VP2保留了LaSota株在鸡胚中高滴度复制、低致病性和遗传稳定性等生物学特性。重组NDV rChiLaSota-VP2的鸡胚半数感染量(EID₅₀)峰值可达10^-8.16/100μL,鸡胚平均致死时间(MDT)为134 h, 1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(I...     

土壤侵蚀建模中ANSWERS及地理信息系统ARC／INFO^R的应用研究

研究了土壤侵蚀模型ANSWERS和地理信息系统（GIS）ARC／INFO之间的连结，采用ARC／INFO建立数据和ARC／INFO和ANSWERS之间的连结更为容易，有效，最后，对四川此色丘陵后个小流域实施的模拟，以展示连续情况和一些值得注意的向题。     

雨滴溅蚀和结皮效应对土壤侵蚀影响的试验研究

五十多年以前 ,Ellison[1] 将土壤侵蚀的过程分为四个基本过程 :降雨冲击引起的剥蚀 ,降雨飞溅引起的剥蚀 ,地表径流引起的剥蚀 ,及径流迁移引起的剥蚀。最近 ,Kinnell[2 ] 根据土壤侵蚀中雨滴和径流的相互作用建立了土壤侵蚀的四个输沙系统 :雨滴剥蚀和溅蚀迁移系统 ,雨滴剥蚀     

Enzyme-mediated solvent extraction of carotenoids from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta)

Marigold flowers are the most important source of carotenoids for application in the food industry. However, the extraction gives almost 50% losses of the carotenoids depending on conditions for silaging, drying, and solvent extraction. In the past decades, macerating enzymes have been successfully applied to improve the extraction yield of valued compounds from natural products. In this work, an alternative extraction process for carotenoids is proposed, consisting of a simultaneous enzymatic treatment and solvent extraction. The proposed process employs milled fresh flowers directly as raw material, eliminating the inefficient silage and drying operations as well as the generation of hard to deal with aqueous effluents present in traditional processes. The process developed was tested at the 80 L scale, where under optimal conditions a carotenoid recovery yield of 97% was obtained.     

Structure determination of 3-O-caffeoyl-epi-gamma-quinide, an orphan bitter lactone in roasted coffee

Recent investigations on the bitterness of coffee as well as 5- O-caffeoyl quinic acid roasting mixtures indicated the existence of another, yet unknown, bitter lactone besides the previously identified bitter compounds 5- O-caffeoyl- muco-gamma-quinide, 3- O-caffeoyl-gamma-quinide, 4- O-caffeoyl- muco-gamma-quinide, 5- O-caffeoyl- epi-delta-quinide, and 4- O-caffeoyl-gamma-quinide. In the present study, this orphan bitter lactone was isolated from the reaction products generated by dry heating of 5- O-caffeoylquinic acid model, and its structure was determined as the previously unreported 3- O-caffeoyl- epi-gamma-quinide by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and one-/two-dimensional NMR experiments. The occurrence of this bitter lactone, exhibiting a low bitter recognition threshold of 58 micromol/L, in coffee beverages could be confirmed by LC-MS/MS (negative electrospray ionization) operating in the multiple reaction monitoring mode.