Kinetic study of the physicochemical and microbiological changes in "seasoned" olives during the shelf-life period

The changes that take place during the shelf life of "seasoned" olives (packing conditions: 4% NaCl, 0.1%citric acid, and 0.0175% sorbate) using fresh (FF) and stored (SF) cracked fruits were studied. Texture, L, b, NaCl, and pH experienced slight changes. Values of a and titratable and combined acidity increased following a first-order kinetic with higher constants for FF. Glucose was completely exhausted, and mannitol showed only a slight decline. Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol contents in brines increased rapidly from the acidic hydrolysis of oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol-4-beta -d-glucoside, and salidroside, the concentrations of which decreased. Sorbate content decreased with time and disappeared completely in SF. Yeasts grew rapidly in FF and were markedly inhibited in SF. There was a moderate growth of lactic acid bacteria in FF, whereas they grew markedly in SF during the first few days. Some of these changes limit the shelf life of the product.     

安定桥滑坡的稳定性研究

安定桥滑坡位于四川省木里县博查公路约72公里处。滑坡地层为第四系松散堆积物,松散堆积物中有地下水存在。坡体内有软弱夹层。属于古滑坡体上的部分复活。坡体的滑动是由于古滑坡体内软弱夹层在上部岩体的自重应力及外部因素的综合作用下,产生的蠕动变形。两座拱桥的变形破裂是安定桥滑坡滑动变形所致。对两座拱桥实行加固和修复,有利于坡体的稳定和地方交通安全。     

Canine nasal aspergillosis

Chronic nasal discharge is a common clinical sign of disease in dogs. Canine sinonasal aspergillosis is a relatively common disease in dogs. The three hallmarks of canine nasal aspergillosis are a profuse mucoid to hemorrhagic chronic nasal discharge that may alternate with periods of epistaxis, ulceration of the external nares with crusting, and pain or discomfort in the facial region. Diagnostic imaging (preferably computed tomography, CT) of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is an important component of the evaluation of dogs with signs of nasal disease. Rhinoscopy is an important part of both the diagnosis and the therapy for nasal aspergillosis. Therapeutic recommendations for sinonasal aspergillosis have included surgery and the use of several systemic and topical antifungal drugs.     

湖北林业推进生态文明建设的探索与启示——中共国家林业局党校第42期党员领导干部进修班赴湖北省教学考察调研报告

林业在湖北省生态文明建设中发挥支撑保障作用。近年来,湖北省各级林业部门以建设生态文明为统领,以兴林富民为宗旨,大力保护并发展林业生态资源,着力推进林业产业发展,积极构建繁荣的生态文化,成效显著。但是,湖北省林业发展在生态文明建设中也面临着挑战。林业要在生态文明建设中做好开拓者、引领者、推进者,要建立符合生态文明发展要求的林业长效机制和林业创新机制。     

Soil aggregation may be a relevant indicator of nutrient cation availability

Key message

Aggregation was studied in two acidic forest soils (NE France) to investigate the potential link between available Ca and Mg content and soil aggregate size distribution and properties. Clay content influenced the aggregation status while clay mineralogy influenced aggregate stability and dynamics. Aggregation status and reactivity of soil components contributed to the difference of exchangeable Ca and Mg content in topsoil between the two sites.

Context

Though nutrient fluxes are important to define forest soil chemical fertility, the quantification of nutrient reservoirs in the soils and their availability to tree uptake is essential. A thorough understanding of nutrient availability requires an investigation of nutrient location and distribution in the soil solid phase.

Aims

The general aim was to investigate the potential link between available Ca and Mg content and soil aggregate size distribution and their properties (chemical, physical, mineralogical).

Methods

Soil aggregates were separated according to three size classes (200–2000 μm; 50–200 μm; <?50 μm) in two forest soils of the Lorraine plateau (France), both classified as Luvisols ruptic. The physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties were measured for each aggregate class.

Results

We showed that the relative abundance of an intermediate aggregate class [200–50 μm] was relevant to explain the difference of exchangeable Ca and Mg between sites. These aggregates were the poorest in organic and reactive mineral components and were unstable, which may mitigate the retention of Ca and Mg by ion-exchange.

Conclusion

This study highlights the role of aggregation and reactivity of soil components as relevant determinants of cation availability to tree uptake in soils.

     

Combining farmers’ decision rules and landscape stochastic regularities for landscape modelling

Landscape spatial organization (LSO) strongly impacts many environmental issues. Modelling agricultural landscapes and describing meaningful landscape patterns are thus regarded as key-issues for designing sustainable landscapes. Agricultural landscapes are mostly designed by farmers. Their decisions dealing with crop choices and crop allocation to land can be generic and result in landscape regularities, which determine LSO. This paper comes within the emerging discipline called “landscape agronomy”, aiming at studying the organization of farming practices at the landscape scale. We here aim at articulating the farm and the landscape scales for landscape modelling. To do so, we develop an original approach consisting in the combination of two methods used separately so far: the identification of explicit farmer decision rules through on-farm surveys methods and the identification of landscape stochastic regularities through data-mining. We applied this approach to the Niort plain landscape in France. Results show that generic farmer decision rules dealing with sunflower or maize area and location within landscapes are consistent with spatiotemporal regularities identified at the landscape scale. It results in a segmentation of the landscape, based on both its spatial and temporal organization and partly explained by generic farmer decision rules. This consistency between results points out that the two modelling methods aid one another for land-use modelling at landscape scale and for understanding the driving forces of its spatial organization. Despite some remaining challenges, our study in landscape agronomy accounts for both spatial and temporal dimensions of crop allocation: it allows the drawing of new spatial patterns coherent with land-use dynamics at the landscape scale, which improves the links to the scale of ecological processes and therefore contributes to landscape ecology.     

Binding of mycoplasmas to solid phase adsorbents

The capture of mycoplasmas (M. hominis, M. buccale, M. fermentans, M. bovis, M. synoviae, M. gallisepticum and M. arthritidis) based on lipid structures and adhesion molecules present in the mycoplasmal membrane was tested using different chromatographic resins (ActiClean Etox, ClarEtox, Heparin-Actigel, Sulfated Hiflow and SulfEtox). All of the resins efficiently reduced mycoplasma concentrations in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and in Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) by 3-8 logs in a few minutes. This technology could be used for removing mycoplasmas from tissue culture components such as serum, and for concentrating mycoplasmas in vaccine production.     

磁电系电表内阻的温度误差及其补偿

磁电系电表的扩程实验,通常采用串联分压电阻或并联分流电阻的方法.在实验中发现,表头的内阻在不同环境温度下,其值有很大的偏差,这种偏差引起改装表测量结果的误差,称为温度误差.文章给出了电表的温度误差原因,并给出了扩展较大量限,准确度等级要求不高(如1.5级)的电表温度补偿方法,进一步提高和完善磁电系电表扩程实验,为修理和制作大量程电表提供参考技术.