Electrical resistance of long conjugated molecular wires

The charge transport mechanism of a wire can be revealed by how its electrical resistance varies with length. We have measured the resistance and current-voltage characteristics of conjugated molecular wires ranging in length from 1 to 7 nanometers, connected between metal electrodes. We observe the theoretically predicted change in direct-current transport from tunneling to hopping as a function of systematically controlled wire length. We also demonstrate that site-specific disruption of conjugation in the wires greatly increases resistance in the hopping regime but has only a small effect in the tunneling regime. These nanoscale transport measurements elucidate the role of molecular length and bond architecture on molecular conductivity and open opportunities for greater understanding of electrical transport in conjugated polymer films.     

保育期中后段乳糖水平对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的评价

试验在3所大学进行,选用1320头杂交仔猪,旨在评价饲粮中不同乳糖水平对保育期阶段3（保育期共4个阶段）即断奶后第3和4周仔猪生产性能的影响。仔猪在15～20d断奶（初始体重6.2kg）,并分配到5个处理中,每个处理有24个重复（每所大学饲喂8个重复）,其中两所大学的16个重复中,每个重复含5头试猪,另外1所大学的8个重复中,每个重复含23头试猪。断奶后第1周,所有仔猪均采食复合阶段1饲粮（含乳糖20%）;断奶后第2周,所有仔猪均采食复合阶段2饲粮（含乳糖15%）。断奶后第3和4周仔猪采食阶段3饲粮,乳糖含量分别为0,2.5%,5.0%,7.5%或10.0%,然后所有仔猪采食1～2周（阶段4）相同的玉米豆粕饲粮。乳糖来源为乳宝80,含乳糖80%。阶段1,2和3饲粮在相同场所配制。隔周称量仔猪体重,并计算饲粮采食量。研究表明,在最初2周内,采食相同饲粮的所有试猪间平均日增重、日饲料采食量和增重饲料比均没有显著差异（P=0.10）。在3和4周（阶段3）饲喂5种不同乳糖水平饲粮,随着乳糖水平的增加,平均日增重、平均日饲料采食量线性增加（P〈0.01）,但是增重饲料比不受影响（P=0.10）。阶段3中乳糖水平为7.5%时,虽然二次指标（增重饲料比）差异不显著,但是平均日增重和平均日饲料采食量最高。与饲喂不添加乳糖饲粮的试猪相比,饲喂乳糖水平为7.5%的饲粮的试猪体增重多增长350g·只^-1,同时多消耗饲粮420g·只^-1,且多增长的体重（294g·只^-1）大部分维持到断奶后5～6周即试验结束时。结论：仔猪对保育期中后段饲粮中乳糖含量做出相应应答,且这些应答在不同的管理和设施条件下获得。     

添加共轭亚油酸、硒、VE以及添加或不添加动物蛋白对母猪肉组分的影响

试验旨在评价饲粮处理对猪肉中脂肪酸组成、硒和VE含量的影响。将60头杜洛克杂交母猪随机分配到4个饲粮处理组中（每组15头）,4种试验饲粮以动植物原料或植物原料为基础,添加或不添加饲粮添加物（0.614％）,饲粮添加物舍共轭亚油酸、硒和VE。动植物饲粮组与植物饲粮组相比,体重达100kg的生长性能类似,饲粮添加物对其也没有显著影响。     

A new type of meteoritic diamond in the enstatite chondrite abee

Diamonds with delta(13)C values of -2 per mil and less than 50 parts per million (by mass) nitrogen have been isolated from the Abee enstatite chondrite by the same procedure used for concentrating Cdelta, the putative interstellar diamond found ubiquitously in primitive meteorites and characterized by delta(13)C values of -32 to -38 per mil, nitrogen concentrations of 2,000 to 12,500 parts per million, and delta(15)N values of -340 per mil. Because the Abee diamonds have typical solar system isotopic compositions for carbon, nitrogen, and xenon, they are presumably nebular in origin rather than presolar. Their discovery in an unshocked meteorite eliminates the possibility of origins normally invoked to account for diamonds in ureilites and iron meteorites and suggests a low-pressure synthesis. The diamond crystals are approximately 100 nanometers in size, are of an unusual lath shape, and represent approximately 100 parts per million of Abee by mass.     

Electrical Resistivity and Stoichiometry of CaxC60 and SrxC60 Films

The temperature- and concentration-dependent resistivities of annealed CaxC(60) and SrxC(60) films were measured near room temperature. Resistivity minima were observed at x = 2 and 5. The resistivities of these films were rho(min) approximately 1 ohm-centimeter for x = 2 and rho(min) approximately 10(-2) ohm-centimeter for x = 5. This latter value is comparable to the resistivities found in similar experiments on K(3)C(60) films. There is a maximum in the resistivity between x = 2 and 3, and another at x approximately 7. The conductivity is activated over the whole range of compositions, and the activation energy scales with the logarithm of the resistivity. The results suggest that the conductivity and superconductivity observed in Ca(5)C(60) are associated with the population of bands derived from the t(1g) level of C(6O).     

Porous, crystalline, covalent organic frameworks

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been designed and successfully synthesized by condensation reactions of phenyl diboronic acid {C6H4[B(OH)2]2} and hexahydroxytriphenylene [C18H6(OH)6]. Powder x-ray diffraction studies of the highly crystalline products (C3H2BO)6.(C9H12)1 (COF-1) and C9H4BO2 (COF-5) revealed expanded porous graphitic layers that are either staggered (COF-1, P6(3)/mmc) or eclipsed (COF-5, P6/mmm). Their crystal structures are entirely held by strong bonds between B, C, and O atoms to form rigid porous architectures with pore sizes ranging from 7 to 27 angstroms. COF-1 and COF-5 exhibit high thermal stability (to temperatures up to 500 degrees to 600 degrees C), permanent porosity, and high surface areas (711 and 1590 square meters per gram, respectively).     

Voyager 1 in the foreshock, termination shock, and heliosheath

Voyager 1 (V1) began measuring precursor energetic ions and electrons from the heliospheric termination shock (TS) in July 2002. During the ensuing 2.5 years, average particle intensities rose as V1 penetrated deeper into the energetic particle foreshock of the TS. Throughout 2004, V1 observed even larger, fluctuating intensities of ions from 40 kiloelectron volts (keV) to >/=50 megaelectron volts per nucleon and of electrons from >26 keV to >/=350 keV. On day 350 of 2004 (2004/350), V1 observed an intensity spike of ions and electrons that was followed by a sustained factor of 10 increase at the lowest energies and lesser increases at higher energies, larger than any intensities since V1 was at 15 astronomical units in 1982. The estimated solar wind radial flow speed was positive (outward) at approximately +100 kilometers per second (km s(-1)) from 2004/352 until 2005/018, when the radial flows became predominantly negative (sunward) and fluctuated between approximately -50 and 0 km s(-1) until about 2005/110; they then became more positive, with recent values (2005/179) of approximately +50 km s(-1). The energetic proton spectrum averaged over the postshock period is apparently dominated by strongly heated interstellar pickup ions. We interpret these observations as evidence that V1 was crossed by the TS on 2004/351 (during a tracking gap) at 94.0 astronomical units, evidently as the shock was moving radially inward in response to decreasing solar wind ram pressure, and that V1 has remained in the heliosheath until at least mid-2005.     

Role of land-surface changes in arctic summer warming

A major challenge in predicting Earth's future climate state is to understand feedbacks that alter greenhouse-gas forcing. Here we synthesize field data from arctic Alaska, showing that terrestrial changes in summer albedo contribute substantially to recent high-latitude warming trends. Pronounced terrestrial summer warming in arctic Alaska correlates with a lengthening of the snow-free season that has increased atmospheric heating locally by about 3 watts per square meter per decade (similar in magnitude to the regional heating expected over multiple decades from a doubling of atmospheric CO2). The continuation of current trends in shrub and tree expansion could further amplify this atmospheric heating by two to seven times.     

Reversible reduction of oxygen to peroxide facilitated by molecular recognition

Generation of soluble sources of peroxide dianion (O(2)(2-)) is a challenge in dioxygen chemistry. The oxidizing nature of this anion renders its stabilization in organic media difficult. This Report describes the chemically reversible reduction of oxygen (O(2)) to cryptand-encapsulated O(2)(2-). The dianion is stabilized by strong hydrogen bonds to N-H groups from the hexacarboxamide cryptand. Analogous stabilization of peroxide by hydrogen bonding has been invoked recently in crystalline saccharide and protein systems. The present peroxide adducts are stable at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N'-dimethylformamide (DMF). These adducts can be obtained in gram quantities from the cryptand-driven disproportionation reaction of potassium superoxide (KO(2)) at room temperature.