Context‐dependent responses of food‐hoarding to competitors in Apodemus peninsulae: implications for coexistence among asymmetrical species

Superior species may have distinct advantages over subordinates within asymmetrical interactions among sympatric animals. However, exactly how the subordinate species coexists with superior species is unknown. In the forests west of Beijing City, intense asymmetrical interactions of food competition exist among granivorous rodents (e.g. Apodemus peninsulae, Niviventer confucianus, Sciurotamias davidianus and Tscherskia triton) that have broadly overlapping habitats and diets but have varied body size (range 15–300 g), hoarding habits (scatter vs larder) and/or daily rhythm (diurnal vs nocturnal). The smallest rodent, A. peninsulae, which typically faces high competitive pressure from larger rodents, is an ideal model to explore how subordinate species coexist with superior species. Under semi‐natural enclosure conditions, we tested responses of seed‐hoarding behavior in A. peninsulae to intraspecific and interspecific competitors in the situations of pre‐competition (without competitor), competition (with competitor) and post‐competition (competitor removed). The results showed that for A. peninsulae, the intensity of larder‐hoarding increased and the intensity of scatter‐hoarding declined in the presence of intraspecifics and S. davidianus, whereas A. peninsulae ceased foraging and hoarding in the presence of N. confucianus and T. triton. A. peninsulae reduced intensity of hoarding outside the nest and moved more seeds into the nest for larder‐hoarding under competition from intraspecific individuals and S. davidianus. In most cases, the experimental animals could recover to their original state of pre‐competition when competitors were removed. These results suggest that subordinate species contextually regulate their food‐hoarding strategies according to different competitors, promoting species coexistence among sympatric animals that have asymmetrical food competition.     

利文斯顿雏菊花色素成分及其稳定性研究

【目的】研究利文斯顿雏菊的花色素成分及其稳定性,为草花花色遗传育种提供理论依据。【方法】以利文斯顿雏菊8个品系为试验材料,通过特征颜色反应、显色反应和紫外-可见光谱扫描分析,确定其花色素成分,并分析温度和光照对花色素稳定性的影响。【结果】利文斯顿雏菊花色素属于类黄酮化合物,含黄酮和花色素苷,可能含异黄酮、二氢黄酮和二氢黄酮醇,不含橙酮和查耳酮;白色品系只含黄酮和黄酮醇;粉红内白、橙色和黄色3个品系除含黄酮和黄酮醇外,可能还含异黄酮;玫红内白、玫红内黄和和西瓜红色3个品系含花色素苷、黄酮、黄酮醇等,且存在酰基基团,另外,玫红内黄品系还含二氢黄酮醇;粉红内黄品系含黄酮、黄酮醇和二氢黄酮醇;8个品系花色的黄酮类化合物中含醇羟基和酮羟基,不含酚羟基。温度对利文斯顿雏菊花色素稳定性的影响较大,60～80℃时,吸光度的下降趋势最为明显;光照对玫红内白、玫红内黄和西瓜红色3个品系的影响较大。【结论】利文斯顿雏菊不同品系花色素中的黄酮类化合物种类不同,温度和光照对其花色素稳定性的影响较大,且不同品系受到的影响程度不同。     

不同氨基酸对泰万菌素发酵影响的研究

通过单因素试验考察了泰万菌素发酵培养基中不同氨基酸种类对其发酵过程的影响,并利用正交试验对发酵培养基中3种主要氨基酸的用量配比进行了优化,结果表明发酵培养基加入0.2%亮氨酸、0.1%色氨酸、0.1%甘氨酸对泰万菌素发酵转化率影响显著,发酵摇瓶效价从14000μ/mL提高到18000μ/mL,效价提高了28.5%,完成了对泰万菌素提高发酵转化率和发酵单位的目的,并为大规模商业化生产泰万菌素奠定了良好的基础。     

玛曲高寒沙化草地生态位特征及其施肥改良研究

为高寒沙化草地治理提供理论依据,本研究分析了玛曲高寒沙化草地植物群落特征,探讨施肥对物种多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,异针茅为玛曲当前高寒沙化草地的优势种。生态位宽度最大的是亚优势种高山唐松草和乳浆大戟,而优势种异针茅的生态位宽度仅为０．９４１。在沙化草地植物群落中,优势种并不具有最强的适应能力和竞争力且地位不稳定。生态位宽度大的物种之间具有大的生态位重叠值,其中高山唐松草和乳浆大戟种群生态位重叠值最大,它们与其他种群之间的竞争也较强,高寒沙化草地的演替方向将是杂类草取代禾草的优势地位。施肥可增加高寒沙化草地物种丰富度,其中氮磷配施和氮磷有机肥配施分别比对照的丰富度提高４２．９％ 和４４．７％。氮、磷和有机肥混施后植物群落的Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数和Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｅｉｎｅｒ指数与对照之间达显著或极显著性差异,施氮磷肥后植物群落Ｐｉｅｌｏｕ均匀度指数也与对照之间达极显著差异;采用氮、磷和有机肥混施的方案可最大限度的增加沙化草地的地上生物量,比对照地上生物量增加２．５倍。从生物多样性和生物量增加综合考虑,氮、磷和有机肥混施为高寒沙化草地施肥的最佳处理。     

优力安肽对黄羽肉鸡生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

选择1日龄健康北方3号公鸡450羽,随机分成6组,每组设3个重复,试验Ⅰ组为对照组,试验II、III、IV、V、Ⅵ组分别添加20、40、60、80、100 mg/kg的优力安肽,在同一鸡舍中用围栏将各组鸡隔开（温度、湿度、光照均满足正常生产需要）,自动饮水,自由采食。分别于14、28、42、56、63日龄称重、采血,并于63日龄每重复取3只鸡进行屠宰。结果表明,日粮中添加60 mg/kg优力安肽的处理组与对照组相比,日增重提高了13.98%,料重比降低了3.43%（P<0.05）;试验鸡血液神经肽Y含量随日粮中优力安肽添加水平的增加而升高;试验鸡的日增重与血液生长激素含量呈强正相关（r=0.712）,与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ呈正相关（r=0.812）;料重比与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ呈强负相关（r=-0.796）。北方3号公鸡日粮中添加60 mg/kg的优力安肽,生产性能和经济效益最佳。     

不同能量摄入水平对围产期奶牛生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度影响的研究

将健康的围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组, 每组10头。其中Ⅱ组为对照组, Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于产前28d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组)、NRC标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、NRC标准增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组), 产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮, 至产后56d结束。观察妊娠后期奶牛不同能量水平对干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分及体重等生产性能和血浆瘦素浓度的影响。试验结果表明: 奶牛产后干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳中蛋白质、乳脂率和非固体物质为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组(P>0 05 ); 同时血浆瘦素浓度为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组, 经统计分析组间差异极显著(P<0 01) 或差异显著(P<0 05); 但产前28~14d瘦素浓度组间差异均不显著(P>0 05 ), 此后Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异显著(P<0 05 )。此外, Ⅰ组体重消耗最小, Ⅲ组体重消耗最大, 各组间差异极显著(P<0 01)。可见, 围产期健康奶牛不同能量水平与干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分、体重等生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度之间存在着密切的关系。     

荷斯坦供体母牛及其女儿超排效果的比较分析

本文分析比较了165头超排荷斯坦母牛及其184头女儿的超排反应。从所有母女的整体看,在不同超排反应组,有一种趋势,即在不同反应分组中,母亲与女儿之间,似乎存在一种弱相关(r=0.20)。但在母女不同超排反应的组间,并没有这种相关,即在同一超排反应的母亲组,其相应的女儿组并不存在这种趋势。同一头母亲的2头或3头女儿,似乎母亲超排效果差,女儿的超排效果反而好,而母亲超排反应好,女儿的反应却有降低的趋势。由此得出结论,不能将母亲的超排反应结果作为选择其女儿超排反应的依据。     

Isolation,Identification and Biological Characteristics of Staphylococcus chromogenes from Tibetan Pigs

In order to understand the infection of Staphylococcus disease in healthy Tibetan pigs in Linzhi city,Tibet.232 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse in Bahe town,Gongbujiangda county,Linzhi city,Tibet,the teaching practice ranch at the Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University in Bayi district,Linzhi city,and the slaughterhouse in Bayi district,Linzhi city.These samples were isolated,cultured and identified,and one isolated strain was systematically studied for biological characteristics.Epidemiological survey results showed that 73 of 232 samples were positive for Staphylococcus,the positive rate was 31.47%,16 positive samples were detected in the slaughterhouse of Bahe town,Gongbujiangda county,Linzhi,Tibet,with a detection rate of 23.89%(16/67),43 positive samples were detected in the pastures of the teaching practice ranch at the Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University in Bayi district,Linzhi city,with a detection rate of 34.40% (43/125),14 positive samples were detected in the slanghterhouse in Bayi district,Linzhi city,with a detection rate of 35.00% (14/40).Through PCR identification,gene sequencing and biochemical identification,5 strains of Staphylococcus chromogenes were isolated,and one of them (Sa LZ1) was studied systematically.The biological characteristics of the isolated strains showed that the Sa LZ1 strain formed round white convex colonies on the agar medium,with regular edges,smooth surfaces,and opaque white colonies.The isolates were Gram-positive cocci bacteria.PCR sequencing results showed that the isolate had the highest homology with Staphylococcus chromogenes (GenBank accession No.:MG576253.1),positive for serum inulin,manicol,glucose,saccharose,lactose,negative for arabinose,sodium hippurate,raffinose,xylose,urea,etc,consistent with the biochemical characteristics of Staphylococcus chromogenes.The logarithmic growth period of isolated bacteria was 5 to 10 h.The pathogenicity test of mice showed that the mortality rate of mice reached 100% when the concentration of Sa LZ1 strain reached 3.5×10⁹ CFU/mL.And the results of pathological section showed that Sa LZ1 strain could cause the visceral tissue of mice to develop pathological changes.The above results provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of Staphylococcus suis in Linzhi,Tibet.     

不同水肥条件下白羊草光合生理生态特征研究I.光合生理日变化

为揭示黄土丘陵区乡土种白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum L. Keng.)在不同水肥供应条件下的光合生理特征,本研究采用盆栽控制实验,比较研究了白羊草在2个水分水平(HW-80%FC和LW-40FC%)和3个养分(CK、P和NP)处理下的光合生理日变化特征.结果表明:HW下白羊草光合速率日变化均呈"三峰"型曲线.LW下,P和NP处理呈"双峰"型曲线,CK处理呈"三峰"型曲线,均具有明显的光合"午休"现象.不同水肥条件下白羊草叶片水分利用效率日变化均呈"L"型.HW下,白羊草光合速率日均值无肥处理显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),LW下,3养分处理间白羊草光合速率日均值无显著差异,而不同养分处理下,土壤水分胁迫均显著降低了白羊草光合速率日均值,并使光合"午休"程度加剧,水分是限制白羊草光合生理过程的首要因素.     

Effects of Sodium Fluoride on the Morphological Structure of the Epididymis and the Expression of Tight Junction Genes

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of fluoride on epididymal morphological structure and mRNA expression of tight junction genes.60 healthy male mice were divided into four groups randomly, including control group (distilled water) and 25,50,100 mg NaF/L groups, respectively. After 60 days, the thighbones were collected and fluoride contents were determined by fluorine ion selective electrode method. Paraffin slides of right epididymis with HE stain were produced to evaluate epididymal morphological structure under light microscope. The left epididymis were collected to isolate total RNA and detect the mRNA expression of tight junction genes by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the fluoride contents of thighbones increased in a dose-dependent manner, and were extremely significantly higher in 50 and 100 mg/L groups than those in control group (P<0.01).NaF extremely significantly increased the thickness of cauda epididymal pipe wall in fluoride groups (P<0.01) and the Claudin-2 mRNA expressions in fluoride groups were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01) and the ZO-1 mRNA expression in 100 mg/L group was significantly decreased (P<0.05) as compared with control group. In conclusion, excessive NaF ingestion adversely affected epididymal morphological structure and mRNA expressions of Claudin-2 and>ZO-1,which might contribute to the damage of blood-epididymal barrier.