利用秸秆和肥料增殖木霉及对玉米茎基腐病的生物防治

以玉米秸秆为基质,筛选对木霉增殖有利的营养物质,对生防制剂的田间应用提供依据。利用Plack-ett-Burman试验设计筛选影响木霉产孢的主要营养物,采用最陡爬坡试验测定3种营养物的最适浓度范围;通过Box-Benhnken试验设计,对3种营养物浓度进行优化;盆栽试验检测木霉在土壤中的存活情况防治玉米茎基腐病。结果表明,筛选对木霉产孢影响较大的3个营养物质(氯化铵、硫酸钾、七水硫酸亚铁),最佳配方为氯化铵0.97 g/L,硫酸钾0.92 g/L,七水硫酸亚铁0.97 g/L,在此配方条件下孢子产量为2.61×10~9个/g。盆栽试验表明,利用木霉结合秸秆还田和肥料施用,可增强其存活能力和降低玉米茎基腐病的发生率和病情指数。     

中国地方绵羊群体TYRP1基因遗传变异研究

本研究旨在了解酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1（tyrosinase related protein 1，TYRP1）基因在中国地方绵羊群体内的遗传变异，以及TYRP1基因突变与不同毛色表型绵羊群体的相关性。通过直接测序法和PCR-RFLP技术对10个中国地方绵羊群体进行单核苷酸多态性（SNP）检测，利用Beagle、PLINK和POPGENE等软件对突变位点数据进行单倍型构建、连锁不平衡分析和遗传变异研究。突变位点检测结果表明，在绵羊TYRP1基因内识别了13个SNPs，其中位于TYRP1基因外显子上的10个SNPs位点，除个别位点在大尾寒羊、中国美利奴羊和岷县黑裘皮羊中没有发生突变外，其他突变位点在所有绵羊品种中均出现不同程度变异，说明中国地方绵羊群体具有较高的遗传多样性。单倍型分析结果表明，所有样本中共有42个单倍型，优势单倍型0000000000（245/918）、0100000001（91/918）在所有绵羊群体中均存在，除单倍型0101100000（93/918）在中国美利奴羊中没有出现，单倍型0001000001（69/918）在岷县黑裘皮羊、哈萨克羊群体中没有出现外，在其他群体中均存在。连锁分析结果表明，10个SNPs在所有样本中均存在2个连锁模块。群体遗传变异分析表明，中国地方绵羊群体具有较高水平的群体内遗传变异，各绵羊品种间存在明显的遗传分化模式，且各品种遗传关系与其品种传统分类结果基本一致。本研究为进一步研究TYRP1基因对绵羊毛色遗传性状的影响提供了参考依据。     

饲粮中添加牛至精油对绵羊复胃发育、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加牛至精油对绵羊复胃发育、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。选取18只体重相近[(20.30±1.27) kg]、体况良好的3月龄萨福克×小尾寒羊F1代公羔,随机分为3组(每组6只):对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,牛至精油组饲喂在基础饲粮基础上分别添加4(EO4组)和7 g/d(EO7组)牛至精油的试验饲粮,预试期10 d,正试期72 d。结果显示:1)绵羊瘤胃容积随饲粮中牛至精油添加量的增加显著增大(P<0.05),与CON组相比,EO7组瘤胃容积指数提高了2. 09%(P <0. 05),皱胃容积指数降低了1. 61%(P <0. 05)。2)与CON组相比,EO4组瘤胃中纤维素酶和胃蛋白酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),皱胃中纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性显著升高(P<0.05); EO7组瘤胃、网胃中纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、α-淀粉酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),瓣胃中纤维素酶和皱胃中胃蛋白酶活性显著升高(P<0.05)。3)饲粮添加4和7 g/d牛至精油均显著降低了瘤胃中原虫数量(P<0.05);与CON组相比,EO4组瘤胃中黄色瘤胃球菌数量显著升高(P<0.05); EO7组瘤胃中真菌、黄色瘤胃球菌、白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌数量均显著升高(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加牛至精油能促进瘤胃发育及瘤胃中真菌和纤维分解菌的增殖,抑制原虫的生长,提高瘤胃消化酶活性,且以7 g/d的添加量效果较好。     

牛至精油和莫能菌素对荷斯坦犊牛瘤胃发酵参数和菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究牛至精油和莫能菌素对荷斯坦犊牛瘤胃发酵参数和菌群结构的影响。试验选用了80头新生荷斯坦犊牛,体重(41.31±2.23)kg,随机分为4组,每组20头。牛至精油组开食料中添加4.0 g/kg牛至精油,莫能菌素组开食料中添加3.6 g/kg莫能菌素,混合组开食料中添加4.0 g/kg牛至精油+3.6 g/kg莫能菌素,对照组开食料中不添加任何饲料添加剂。饲喂70 d后,从每组中选取体重相近的试验牛3头,采集12头犊牛的瘤胃液,检测瘤胃发酵参数,并运用高通量测序方法测定瘤胃菌群结构及多样性。结果表明:1)莫能菌素组和混合组的瘤胃液氨态氮含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);莫能菌素组的瘤胃液丙酸比例显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2)门水平上,牛至精油组、莫能菌素组、混合组的瘤胃液中变形菌门的相对丰度极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);莫能菌素组的瘤胃液中拟杆菌门的相对丰度有高于对照组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。3)属水平上,牛至精油组、莫能菌素组和混合组的瘤胃液中普雷沃氏菌属的相对丰度有高于对照组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);牛至精油组的瘤胃液中丁酸弧菌属的相对丰度有低于对照组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);莫能菌素组的瘤胃液中奥尔森菌属的相对丰度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),瘤胃球菌属和丁酸弧菌属的相对丰度均有低于对照组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10);混合组的瘤胃液中梭菌属的相对丰度有低于对照组的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。综上所述,饲粮中添加牛至精油可以调节瘤胃微生物的菌群结构,提高犊牛瘤胃中蛋白质降解菌的相对丰度,降低产丁酸菌属的相对丰度,同时可能避免或者缓冲莫能菌素对有益菌群的破坏。     

Adaptive evolutionary expansion of the ribonuclease 6 in Rodentia

Ribonuclease 6 (RNase6 or RNase K6) is a protein that belongs to a superfamily thought to be the sole verte‐brate‐specific enzyme known for a wide range of physiological functions, including digestion, cytotoxicity, angiogenesis, male reproduction and host defense. In our study, 51 functional genes and 11 pseudogenes were identified from 27 Rodentia species. Intriguingly, in the 3 main lineages of rodents there were multiple RNase6s identified in all species of Ctenohystrica, whereas only a single RNase6 was observed in other Rodentia species examined except for 2 species in the mouse‐related clade. The evolutionary scenario of “birth (gene duplication) and death (gene deactivation)” and gene sorting have been demonstrated in Ctenohystrica. In addition, bursts of positive selection, diversification of isoelectric point and positive net charge have been identified in Ctenohystrica, especially at two key sites that are involved in antimicrobial function. Site Trp30 has undergone positive selection and Ile45 has changed into other residues in Group B and Group C of the Ctenohystrica. Our results demonstrated a complex and intriguing evolutionary pattern of rodent RNase6, and indicated that functional modification may have occurred, which establishes an important theoretical foundation for future functional assays in rodent RNase6.     

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF EMPTY SELLA IN DOGS

In humans, the empty sella is defined as herniation of the subarachnoidal space into the sella turcica with invisible (total empty sella) or reduced (partial empty sella) hypophyseal size. An empty sella can be associated with endocrine disturbances. The purpose of this study was to determine if the empty sella exists in dogs or cats and whether it is associated with endocrinopathy or hydrocephalus. Archived magnetic resonance images of the head of 370 dogs and 77 cats were re-evaluated specifically for the presence or absence of the pituitary gland. Hypophyseal tissue filling more than 50% of the sella was considered normal, between 30% and 50% was defined as partial empty sella and less than 30% was defined as total empty sella. In patients with an empty sella, and in all other imaged dogs of the affected breeds, the ventricle to brain ratio was measured. In patients with an empty sella, the medical record was searched for evidence of endocrinopathy. No cat had an empty sella but 11 dogs (3%) had a small or missing hypophysis. Seven of these dogs had a ventricle to brain ratio greater than 15%. Only small dogs (mean weight of 6.7 kg) were affected. One dog with an empty sella had signs of central hyperadrenocorticism while the other 10 had no sign of endocrinopathy. We conclude that the empty sella exists in dogs but is not generally associated with endocrinopathy.     

Loss of acrolein from water by volatilization and degradation

The loss of acrolein by volatilization and degradation from a large tank of water is described. The standard analytical method for carbonyl compounds, a colorimetric reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine did not distinguish acrolein from a relatively non-volatile and non-toxic reaction product. In a modification of the method to correct the error, acrolein was separated from reaction products by scrubbing with air. Although acrolein is sufficiently volatile to use air-scrubbing to separate it from reaction products, its loss by evaporation from an open tank was much less than its loss by reaction in the local irrigation water. In other waters differences in chemical properties could affect the loss of acrolein by reaction, and greater turbulence is expected to increase loss by volatilization. Perte d'acroléine à partir de l'eau par volatilisation et dégradation. Les auteurs décrivent la perte d'acroléine par volatilisation et degradation k partir d'un grand reservoir d'eau. La methode analytique standard pour les composes carbonyl. une reaction colorimétrique avec la dinitrophenylhydrazine. n'a pas permis de distinguer l'acroléine d'autres produits relativement non volatils et non toxiques, apparaissant au cours de la reaction. Dans une modification de la méthode en vue de corriger l'erreur. l'acroléinc a été séparée des autres products de la reaction au moyen d'un entrainement par fair. Bien que l'acroléne soit suffisamment volatile pour que Ton puisse utiliser l'air pour la séparer des autres produits de la reaction, la perte par évaporation à partir d'un réservoir ouvert s'est avérée beaucoup moindre que la perte par reaction dans l'eau d'irrigation apportée localement. Dans d'autres CAS, des differences dans les proprióteschimiques peuvent affecter la perte d'acroléine au cours de la reaction de la faut s'attendre à un accroissement de la perte par volatilisation dans le cas d'une turbulence plus grande. Verlust von Acrolein durch Verfükhtigung und Abbau in Wasser Es wird der Verlust an Acrotein aus einem grossen Wassertank durch Verdampfung und Abbau beschrieben. Die analytische Standardmethode für Carbonylverbindungen mit Dinitrophenylhydrazin, lässt keine Unterscheidung zwischen Acrolein und einem verhältnismässig wenig flüchtigen und un-giftigen Reaktionsprodukt zu. Um die Fehlermöglichkeit Zu eliminieren. wurde die Methode abgeándert, indem das Acrolein von den Reaktionsprodukten durch “Auswaschen” mit Luft abgetrennt wurde, Obgleich die Flüchugkeit von Acrolein genúgend gross ist. um es durch “Auswaschen” mit Luft von Umsetzungsprodukten abzutrennen. ist der durch seine Verdampfung aus einem offenen Tank verursachte Verlusl viel geringer als der durch Umsetzung im lokalw Beregnun-swasser bedingte. In anderen Wassern könnten Unterschiede in den chemischen Eigenschaften den Verlust von Acrolein durch Umsetzung beeinflussen und es ist zu erwarten. dass grössere Turbulenz die Abnahmc durch Verflüchligung erhöht.     

不同配比花生壳基质对日光温室厚皮甜瓜产量及品质的影响

以厚皮甜瓜9818为材料,研究了花生壳和有机肥按不同的质量比配方对厚皮甜瓜植株生长状况、产量和品质的影响.研究结果表明,各处理之间生长状况、可溶性蛋白含量差异不显著.处理T1(有机肥:花生壳=1:1.5)的产量最高,与其他处理差异显著,处理,T2(有机肥:花生壳=1:3)的产量其次.处理T2的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量是4个处理中最高的,VC的含量低于处理T4(纯花生壳).综合分析认为,处理T2为最佳组合.品质最好,产量较高.