西瓜皮多糖的提取工艺及抗氧化研究

[目的]研究西瓜皮多糖的提取工艺和抗氧化作用.[方法]对影响西瓜皮多糖提取的温度、pH、提取时间及乙醇沉淀比例等因素进行单因子和正交试验筛选最优提取工艺;对所提取西瓜皮多糖给小鼠灌胃30 d,测定血中SOD、CAT活性.[结果]影响西瓜皮多糖提取的因素效应大小顺序为温度＞乙醇比例＞提取时间＞提取液pH,提取因素以90C、3h、pH 8、乙醇比例4.5:1组合较为适用.抗氧化试验中,西瓜皮多糖可提高小鼠血中SOD和CAT水平,最高为对照的141.0％和124.7％.综合分析,西瓜皮多糖对所试动物具有抗氧化作用.[结论]研究可为西瓜的综合利用及西瓜皮的营养保健功能的开发提供参考依据.     

牛传染性鼻气管炎诊断方法的研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎是由牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒引起的一种牛的热性、急性、接触性传染病。该病是世界动物卫生组织(OIE)规定的必须上报的疾病之一,在我国也被列为二类疫病。牛传染性鼻气管炎可降低牛的肥育率、繁殖率和产奶量,给养牛业造成了重大经济损失。从病毒的分离鉴定、血清学以及分子生物学等方面对该病的诊断方法进行综述,以期为牛传染性鼻气管炎的检测和防控提供参考。     

基于GIS和Markov模型的土地利用时空变化研究

研究模拟土地利用的时空动态变化,可提高土地集约化程度,对实施土地持续利用具有一定的借鉴意义。选取黄土高原罗屿沟流域2002年、2006年和2010年三期遥感数据,在RS/GIS技术支持下,结合软件ERDAS8.6进行图像预处理,通过监督分类获取罗屿沟土地利用现状图。在分析土地利用现状的基础上,采用Arcview3.2空间分析模块求得土地利用转移矩阵,应用Markov模型对罗屿沟流域未来土地时空变化过程进行模拟分析和定量预测。结果表明:近10年来,罗屿沟流域土地利用变化速度较快,总的变化率达到2.016%,变化总面积2847.29hm2。其中林地和坡耕地都有不同幅度的增加,林地总面积增加了7.24%,年平均增长高达0.8%,而坡耕地面积增加了4.78%,年平均增长0.53%,河床地、草地和未利用地面积逐年减少,其中河床地和未利用地分别减少了46.23%和38.22%;未来土地利用类型仍然是以林地和坡耕地为主,二者总面积达到89.48%时会处于稳定状态。     

北京市居住区绿地植物组成及其物种多样性研究

为探讨北京市五环内居住区绿地植物种类、结构以及植物群落特性,於2005年5～8月进行机械布点,共调查乔木样方180个,灌木样方200个,草本样方1 095个.结果表明:①北京市居住区共有维管束植物68科178属273种.②从市中心到五环梯度群落物种多样性特征为:物种丰富度草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层;均匀度乔木层、灌木层＞草本层;多样性指数灌木层、草本层＞乔木层.③绿地结构类型中,乔灌草交互组成的复层结构占优势.     

植茶年限降低土壤团聚体稳定性并促进大团聚体中钾素释放

  【目的】   研究植茶年限对土壤团聚体稳定性以及供钾和释钾能力的影响,以期为指导茶园土壤施肥、促进茶园生态系统可持续发展提供科学依据。   【方法】   采集四川省雅安市草坝镇茶园农业生态区植茶年限分别为5 a、10 a、15 a和30 a的原状土 (0—15和15—30 cm),利用湿筛法分离出粒径> 2 mm、0.25～2 mm、0.053～0.25 mm和 < 0.053 mm的土壤样品,分析其稳定性、各粒级土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量,并采用四苯硼钠 (NaTPB) 浸提法探讨了其有效钾释放特征。   【结果】   各植茶年限土壤均以大团聚体 (粒径> 0.25 mm) 为主,质量占比为75.87%～95.75%,但随植茶年限增加,土壤大团聚体比例显著减少 (P < 0.05),且各土层土壤团聚体平均重量直径 (MWD) 均明显减小。15 a和30 a的茶园土壤中同一粒级团聚体的土壤速效钾和缓效钾含量均高于5 a和10 a茶园。5 a和10 a茶园土壤中各粒级团聚体中速效钾含量分布较为均匀,15 a和30 a的茶园土壤速效钾含量随大粒级团聚体的增加而增高。土壤缓效钾在各年限茶园均表现为微团聚体 (粒径< 0.25 mm) 高于其他团聚体组分。各茶龄土壤不同粒级团聚体有效钾累积释放量在102.3～236.5 mg/kg,且呈现前期快、后期较稳定的趋势,释放过程均以扩散模型拟合程度最好。进一步比较表明,植茶15 a和30 a的土壤团聚体有效钾累积释放量明显高于植茶5 a和10 a时的土壤。   【结论】   茶园土壤中以大团聚体 (粒径> 0.25 mm) 的比例最高,但随植茶年限的增加,微团聚体 (粒径< 0.25 mm) 比例增加,土壤结构稳定性降低,特别是15—30 cm土层土壤。大团聚体的减少促进了土壤速效钾、缓效钾的释放,因而,植茶15 a和30 a的土壤速效钾含量较5 a和10 a的茶园高,但是会耗竭土壤钾库,不利于茶园的可持续利用。     

Adaptive evolutionary expansion of the ribonuclease 6 in Rodentia

Ribonuclease 6 (RNase6 or RNase K6) is a protein that belongs to a superfamily thought to be the sole verte‐brate‐specific enzyme known for a wide range of physiological functions, including digestion, cytotoxicity, angiogenesis, male reproduction and host defense. In our study, 51 functional genes and 11 pseudogenes were identified from 27 Rodentia species. Intriguingly, in the 3 main lineages of rodents there were multiple RNase6s identified in all species of Ctenohystrica, whereas only a single RNase6 was observed in other Rodentia species examined except for 2 species in the mouse‐related clade. The evolutionary scenario of “birth (gene duplication) and death (gene deactivation)” and gene sorting have been demonstrated in Ctenohystrica. In addition, bursts of positive selection, diversification of isoelectric point and positive net charge have been identified in Ctenohystrica, especially at two key sites that are involved in antimicrobial function. Site Trp30 has undergone positive selection and Ile45 has changed into other residues in Group B and Group C of the Ctenohystrica. Our results demonstrated a complex and intriguing evolutionary pattern of rodent RNase6, and indicated that functional modification may have occurred, which establishes an important theoretical foundation for future functional assays in rodent RNase6.     

副猪嗜血杆菌黑龙江株的分离与鉴定

为确定黑龙江某猪场发病猪群的病原,本研究从疑似浆膜炎的病料中分离到一株革兰氏阴性细小杆菌,通过对其进行细菌形态学、培养特征、生化特性和16S rRNA基因PCR鉴定,结果表明该分离菌株为副猪嗜血杆菌(HLJ-1分离株)。16S rRNA基因序列分析结果显示:该分离菌株与参考株的基因同源性达99%;药敏试验结果表明HLJ-1分离株对头孢曲松、头孢噻肟等β-内酰胺类抗生素高度敏感;小白鼠致病性试验结果显示,该分离株具有较强致病性。     

南天竹提取液对植物病原菌的抑菌活性

为了探明提取南天竹的最佳溶剂和其提取液的抑菌活性,采用生长速率法测定了南天竹4种不同溶剂提取液对水稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、番茄早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)、大葱紫斑病菌(Alternaria porri)和棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)的抑制作用。结果表明:南天竹4种不同溶剂提取液对4种植物病原菌菌丝生长速率都有一定的抑制作用。其中,南天竹乙酸乙酯提取液的抑菌活性能力最强,对水稻纹枯病菌、大葱紫斑病菌、番茄早疫病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌率分别为81.54%、73.71%、83.12%和82.81%,甲醇和乙醇提取液的抑菌活性能力次之,丙酮提取液的抑菌活性能力最弱。     

A comparison of food habits and prey preferences of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at the southwest Primorskii Krai in Russia and Hunchun in China

A small, isolated Amur tiger population ranges across the southwest Primorskii Krai region in Russia and Hunchun region in China. Many individuals, with “dual nationality,” cross the border frequently. Formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger food requirements in both countries. While the diets of tigers ranging in Russia is clearly understood, little is known of the tigers' feeding habits in China.. We used scat analysis combined with data on the abundance of 4 prey species to examine Amur tiger diet and prey preferences in Hunchun. We examined 53 tiger scat samples from 2011 to 2016 and found that tigers preyed on 12 species (11 species in winter), 4 of which were domestic animals with 33.58% biomass contribution; this was the first record of Amur tigers eating lynx in this area. Tigers showed a strong preference for wild boar (Jacobs index: +0.849), which were also the most frequently consumed prey, and a strong avoidance of roe deer (Jacobs index: ?0.693). On the Russian side, domestic animals (just dog) were rarely found in tiger scat, and tigers did not show strong avoidance of roe deer, but of sika deer. We also found red deer footprints during winter surveys and that tigers ate red deer on the Chinese side, while there was no record of red deer feeding on the Russian side. Reducing or eliminating human disturbance, such as grazing, is essential to recovering tiger prey and habitat in this area and the Sino‐Russian joint ungulate annual survey is indispensable for prey estimates of this small, isolated Amur tiger population.     

茂兰自然保护区喀斯特森林物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

以茂兰自然保护区槽谷、漏斗、坡地3种典型地形部位的喀斯特森林为研究对象,对不同地形部位的喀斯特森林植物物种多样性特征和土壤理化性质进行了分析,并通过相关分析对物种多样性指数与土壤因子的关系进行了研究.结果表明,3种地形部位的喀斯特森林中,槽谷森林的物种多样性最丰富,其次是漏斗森林,而坡地森林物种多样性最低;3种地形部位的喀斯特森林中,漏斗森林的土壤养分含量相对较高,其次是槽谷森林,坡地森林养分含量最少;相关分析表明,物种丰富度指数与土壤有机质、全氮含量均呈极显著正相关;Pielou均匀度指数与土壤全氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关.