铜梁县农村年建池达万户的主要经验

铜梁县近几年农村建池数量大幅度上升,1990年建池2489个,1991年建池5188个,1992年建池10000个,从发展趋势看,今后几年,每年都能以一万个沼气池的建设速度前进。我县从吸取过去搞沼气失败的教训中重新起步原因有以下几点:     

Clinical, biochemical, and hygiene assessment of stabled horses provided continuous or intermittent access to drinking water

OBJECTIVE: To compare health, hydration status, and management of stabled pregnant mares provided drinking water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent delivery systems. ANIMALS: 22 Quarter Horse (QH) or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 1); 24 QH or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 2). PROCEDURE: Stabled horses were provided water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent water delivery systems in 2 study periods during a 2-year period. Body temperature, attitude, appetite, water intake, and urine output were recorded daily. Hygiene of each horse and the stable were assessed weekly. Clinical and biochemical measures of hydration were determined 3 times during each study. Clinical measures of hydration included skin turgor, gum moisture, capillary refill time, and fecal consistency. Biochemical measures of hydration included PCV, plasma total protein concentration, serum osmolality, plasma vasopressin concentration, urine specific gravity, and urine osmolality. RESULTS: All horses remained healthy. Stable hygiene was worse when horses had continuous access to water. Clinical and biochemical measures of hydration did not differ among water delivery systems. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Various continuous and intermittent water delivery systems provided adequate amounts of water to stabled horses to maintain health and hydration status. Providing intermittent access to water may be preferable on the basis of stable hygiene.     

The role of wild rodents in the transmission of Trypanosoma evansi infection in an endemic area of the Canary Islands (Spain)

Trypanosoma evansi was diagnosed for the first time in camels in the Canary Islands in 1997. Several sanitary measures including treatment of infected animals were taken; however, nowadays a little area is still infected. In order to determine possible reservoirs 138 wild rodents were trapped, 64 of them in the infected farms and the remaining 74 in other areas. The captured species were Rattus rattus (24), Rattus norvegicus (69) and Mus musculus domesticus (45). Serological (CATT/T. evansi), parasitological (micro-Hematocrit Centrifugation technique and stained smears) and molecular (PCR) methods for T. evansi and T. lewisi were used as diagnostic methods. None of the examined rodents was positive for T. evansi; 18, however, showed motile trypanosomes at micro-Hematocrit Centrifugation technique and resulted positive for T. lewisi by PCR. The results would suggest that the studied rodent species would not play a relevant role in the epidemiology of T. evansi infection in Canaries.     

An epidemiological evaluation of Mycobacterium bovis infections in wild game animals of the Spanish Mediterranean ecosystem

Recreational hunting of indigenous wild artiodactyls has been one of the most lucrative and rapidly growing industries in Western Spain over the last five years. In the absence of careful ecological management, one consequence of the commercial exploitation of this natural resource has been the appearance of outbreaks of infectious disease; most notably bovine tuberculosis. From the outset of the study in 1997, we have observed a steady increase in prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) in both species reaching 1.74 (+/-0.17) in deer in 2002 and 2.32 (+/-0.24) in wild boar. The latter species seems to be most severely affected with pulmonary lesions appearing more chronic than those observed in deer. In this study, we describe the epidemiology of M. bovis in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in Extremadura (W. Spain); a region where there are large areas of natural habitat for these species.     

Selection of Neospora caninum antigens stimulating bovine CD4+ve T cell responses through immuno-potency screening and proteomic approaches

ABSTRACT: Neospora caninum is recognised worldwide as a major cause of bovine infectious abortion. There is a real need to develop effective strategies to control infection during pregnancy which may lead to either abortion or congenital transmission. Due to the intracellular nature of the parasite, cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses involving CD4+ve, CD8+ve, γ/δ TCR+ve T cells and NK cells, as well as production of IFN-γ, are thought to be important for protective immunity. In this study we applied a combination of proteomic and immunological approaches to identify antigens of N. caninum that are recognized by CD4+ve T cell lines derived from infected cattle. Initially, N. caninum tachyzoite Water Soluble Antigens (NcWSA) were fractionated by size-exclusion HPLC and then screened for immune-potency using CD4+ve T cell lines. LC-ESI-MS/MS (liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry) was employed to catalogue and identify the proteins comprising three immunologically selected fractions and led to the identification of six N. caninum target proteins as well as sixteen functional orthologues of Toxoplasma gondii. This approach allows the screening of biologically reactive antigenic fractions by the immune cells responsible for protection (such as bovine CD4+ve cells) and the subsequent identification of the stimulating components using tandem mass spectrometry.     

Minimum infusion rates and recovery times from different durations of continuous infusion of fospropofol, a prodrug of propofol, in rabbits: a comparison with propofol emulsion

ObjectiveTo explore, in rabbits, the minimum infusion rates (MIR) required and recovery time from long duration (≤8 hours) continuous infusion of fospropofol disodium, a novel water-soluble prodrug of propofol, and compare it with propofol.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded experimental trial.AnimalsNinety-six adult laboratory rabbits, mean ± SD weight 2.20 ± 0.15 kg.MethodsStage 1. 16 rabbits were assigned to receive fospropofol disodium or propofol to measure MIR, using an up-and-down method with response to tail-clamping stimulus (TCS). Stage 2. Eighty rabbits were allocated to group F (fospropofol disodium) or group P (propofol), and further subdivided (n = 10 in each subgroup) according to infusion time (2, 4, 6 or 8 hours), to groups F_2h, F_4h, F_6h, F_8h and P_2h, P_4h, P_6h, P_8h. Fospropofol or propofol were infused, and tail clamping applied to maintain the same depth of anaesthesia until infusion was completed. Times to recover righting reflex (RR), to respond to TCS, and total recovery to different durations of continuous infusion of two anaesthetic drugs were noted. Respiratory and pulse rates and oxygen saturation were analyzed. The plasma concentrations of fospropofol disodium, the active metabolite propofol (propofol_F) and propofol emulsion were measured with respect to loss and recovery of RR and TCS.ResultsMIR of fospropofol disodium was 2.0 mg kg^?1 minute^?1, and MIR of propofol was 0.9 mg kg^?1 minute^?1. Times in minutes to total recovery from anaesthesia in groups F and P were as follows, F_2h 15 ± 3; F_4h 26 ± 4; F_6h 52 ± 6; F_8h 84 ± 10; and P_2h 10 ± 1; P_4h 19 ± 7; P_6h 36 ± 7; P_8h 48 ± 5.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAfter continuous intravenous infusion in rabbits (≤8 hours), fospropofol disodium and propofol both show an extension of recovery time with increasing infusion time, fospropofol disodium showing a significantly greater prolongation compared to propofol emulsion when infusion time increases to 6 and 8 hours.