封育条件下白茅繁殖对策研究

在对云南马龙县退化山地草甸围栏封育恢复过程中,白茅Imperata cylindrical是草地中优势植物,在整个群落的演替过程中有着重要影响。因此,对封育条件下白茅的无性繁殖器官根茎特征变化进行研究具有非常重要的意义。研究结果表明：封育使3个退化梯度形成了3个不同的生态系统群落。在轻度退化封育区,白茅的根茎随封育时间的延长而变长,分蘖枝数无明显变化,但枝条密度随封育时间的延长而逐年增加,封育促进了该区白茅无性繁殖。在中度和重度退化封育区,白茅的根茎随封育时间的延长而变短、变细,重度退化封育区变化差异极显著（P＜0.01）,中度退化封育区变化差异显著（P＜0.05）,分蘖枝数减少,封育使白茅无性繁殖在中度和重度退化区受到抑制。     

日粮中添加味精菌体蛋白对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选用2～4胎次泌乳中期荷斯坦牛18头,随机分为3组,每组6头,试验1组和试验2组分别给每头奶牛添加5%和15%的味精菌体蛋白,对照组不添加味精菌体蛋白,以评定味精菌体蛋白对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,夏季奶牛日粮中添加味精菌体蛋白替代日粮中部分蛋白质饲料,可促进奶牛粗饲料采食量的增加,减缓热应激造成的产奶量下降幅度,但对牛奶品质的影响不大。     

碱蓬和三角叶滨藜幼苗生长、光合特性对不同盐度的响应

为了探讨碱蓬和三角叶滨藜对不同盐度的响应机制,采用砂培试验,用含不同浓度NaCl的Hoagland营养液处理其幼苗30 d,分析其生物量、株高、含水量(WC)、叶绿素(Chl)含量、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、Chl/Car、Chl a/Chl b、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、细胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls)的变化。结果表明,1)和对照(不加NaCl)相比,低盐(100 mmol/L NaCl)显著提高碱蓬幼苗的干重(DW)、株高和地上部WC,三角叶滨藜的株高不受明显影响,而其地上部DW和WC显著下降;中盐(400 mmol/L NaCl)胁迫下,碱蓬株高、地上部DW和WC无显著变化,而三角叶滨藜地上部DW和WC显著下降;高盐(800 mmol/L NaCl)下,两植物DW和含水量均明显降低,且碱蓬干重和含水量的降幅要显著低于三角叶滨藜。2)低盐对两植物的Chl含量没有明显影响,随着盐度的增加,其Chl含量均显著下降,碱蓬Chl含量的降幅显著大于三角叶滨藜。低盐明显提高碱蓬叶片的Car含量,但是不影响三角叶滨藜叶片的Car含量,随着盐度的增加,两植物的Car含量均显著下降,碱蓬Car含量的降幅显著大于三角叶滨藜的。随着NaCl浓度增加,两植物的Chl a/Chl b均逐渐上升,而对三角叶滨藜的Chl/Car影响也不显著,但是随着盐度的增加,碱蓬叶片Chl/Car呈先降低后升高的趋势。3)100 mmol/L NaCl处理显著提高碱蓬的Pn、Gs和Tr,但显著降低三角叶滨藜的Pn、Gs和Tr, 随着盐度的进一步增加,二者的Pn、Tr、Gs均显著下降,其中碱蓬Pn、Tr的降幅要显著低于三角叶滨藜的。随着盐度的增加,碱蓬Ci逐渐显著下降;而随着盐度增加,三角叶滨藜的Ci呈先降低、再升高的趋势,800 mmol/L NaCl处理的Ci显著高于对照。4)碱蓬生物量与Tr、Pn、地上部WC、Car含量、根WC、Gs、根冠比、株高、Chl含量、Ci有极显著的正相关,而与Chl/Car、Ls呈极显著负相关,与WUE显著负相关;三角叶滨藜生物量与地上部WC、Chl含量、Pn、Car含量、Tr、Gs、根WC、株高呈极显著正相关,与Chl a/Chl b呈极显著负相关。综上所述,碱蓬和三角叶滨藜幼苗具有高度的耐盐性,且前者的耐盐性高于后者,主要是因为高盐下前者维持更高的光合效率和水分利用效率;Tr、Pn和地上部WC可优先作为评价碱蓬耐盐性的指标,而可作为优先评价三角叶滨藜耐盐性的指标为地上部WC、Chl含量和Pn;高盐下碱蓬Pn的下降主要是气孔限制的结果,而三角叶滨藜Pn下降则主要是由于非气孔限制导致的。     

荒漠草原家庭牧场不同放牧管理模式下草畜能量平衡模拟研究

本研究以内蒙古乌兰察布市四子王旗家庭牧场调研数据为基础,利用ACIAR草畜平衡模型对荒漠草原家庭牧场在全年放牧和季节牧场及补饲措施的家畜需求与草地供给之间的能量平衡关系进行模拟研究,目的是了解家庭牧场的草畜平衡状态,为草地畜牧业管理提供理论依据。结果表明,划分季节牧场利用可增加家畜在冬季的实际能量摄入,减少在夏季的能量摄入;补饲可以缓解在家畜关键生长期对于能量的需求,并在不额外增加补饲量的条件下,划分季节牧场的家畜也表现出冬季实际能量摄入增加,夏季能量摄入减少。     

高职《兽药制剂工艺》课程体系建设与教学实践初探

高职《兽药制剂工艺与质量检验》课程教学的目标是使学生掌握兽药制剂的基本理论和操作技能,初步具备兽药制剂制备和质量检验的实际工作能力。课程设计以兽药生产过程和工作任务为主线,突出技能培养,强化实践性教学,构建适宜于高职的兽药制剂工艺课程教学体系,探索和创新了一种全新的高职《兽药制剂工艺与质量检验》课程教学模式。     

Oral vaccination of brushtail possums with BCG: Investigation into factors that may influence vaccine efficacy and determination of duration of protection

AIMS: To determine factors that may influence the efficacy of an oral pelleted vaccine containing Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to induce protection of brushtail possums against tuberculosis. To determine the duration of protective immunity following oral administration of BCG.

METHODS: In Study 1, a group of possums (n=7) was immunised by feeding 10 pellets containing dead Pasteur BCG, followed 15 weeks later with a single pellet of live Pasteur BCG. At that time, four other groups of possums (n=7 per group) were given a single pellet of live Pasteur BCG orally, a single pellet of live Danish BCG orally, 10 pellets of live Pasteur BCG orally, or a subcutaneous injection of live Pasteur BCG. For the oral pelleted vaccines, BCG was formulated into a lipid matrix, and each pellet contained approximately 10⁷ colony forming units (cfu) of BCG, while the vaccine injected subcutaneously contained 10⁶ cfu of BCG. A sixth, non-vaccinated, group (n=7) served as a control. All possums were challenged by the aerosol route with a low dose of virulent M. bovis 7 weeks after vaccination, and killed 7–8 weeks after challenge. Protection against challenge with M. bovis was assessed from pathological and bacteriological findings.

In Study 2, lipid-formulated live Danish BCG was administered orally to three groups of possums (10–11 per group), and these possums were challenged with virulent M. bovis 8, 29 or 54 weeks later. The possums were killed 7 weeks after challenge, to assess protection in comparison to a non-vaccinated group.

RESULTS: The results from Study 1 showed that vaccine efficacy was not adversely affected by feeding dead BCG prior to live BCG. Feeding 10 vaccine pellets induced a level of protection similar to feeding a single pellet. Protection was similar when feeding possums a single pellet containing the Pasteur or Danish strains of BCG. All vaccinated groups had significantly reduced pathological changes or bacterial counts when compared to the non-vaccinated group. In Study 2, oral administration of Danish BCG induced protection against challenge with M. bovis, which persisted for at least 54 weeks after vaccination. Some protection was observed in possums challenged 54 weeks after vaccination, but this protection was significantly less than that observed in groups vaccinated 29 or 8 weeks prior to challenge. There was a strong relationship between the proportion of animals producing positive lymphocyte proliferation responses to M. bovis antigens and protection against challenge with M. bovis.

CONCLUSIONS: Factors considered potentially capable of interfering with vaccination, including feeding dead BCG to possums prior to feeding live BCG, feeding multiple doses of BCG at one time, and changing strains of BCG, were shown not to interfere with the acquisition of protective immune responses in possums. Protection against tuberculosis was undiminished up to 29 weeks after vaccination with BCG administered orally. It is concluded that vaccination of possums by feeding pellets containing BCG is a robust and efficient approach to enhance the resistance of these animals to tuberculosis.     

规模化奶牛场育成牛产污系数的测定

通过对华中地区重点监测点郑州市某千头奶牛场监测,制定出能表示该地区奶牛场育成牛产生污染物状况的产污系数.随机选择5头采食正常,健康,体重300 kg左右的育成牛,测定每头育成牛每天饲料采食量及饲料中粗蛋白、磷、铜、锌等指标,每天粪便产生量及粪中全氮、全磷、铜、锌、有机质等指标和每天尿液产生量及尿中COD、氨氮、全氮、全磷、铜、锌等指标,最后得出该奶牛场育成牛的年均产污系数为:氮126.02 g·head-1·d-1,磷60.94 g·head-1·d-1,有机质1966.18 g·head-1·d-1,铜0.143 g·head-1·d-1,锌0.953 g·head-1·d-1,COD 98.908 g·head-1·d-1,氨氮1.579 g·head-1·d-1.育成牛中COD、有机质、氮、磷、锌等污染物排出量较大,且育成牛中COD、氮、磷、铜、锌、氨氮和有机质等污染物排出量随季节变化有不同变化,一旦饲粮满足育成牛的需要,多余的部分将被排到粪尿中,造成营养物质的流失和污染物产生量的增加.     

金雀花碱的生物活性研究进展

金雀花碱(Cytisine,Cyt)是一种主要存在于豆科毒豆属植物种子中的喹诺里西啶生物碱。近年来金雀花碱的多种生物活性被逐渐发掘,其具有戒烟、促呼吸、镇痛、抗肿瘤等功效。在抗癌活性方面能够诱导癌细胞凋亡,已被广泛应用于抑制多种肿瘤细胞的增殖;在戒烟方面能够作为选择性局部激动剂,降低吸烟者对尼古丁的依赖,有望广泛应用于戒烟;在镇痛方面能够反射性的兴奋呼吸,已被广泛应用于临床手术对患者的麻醉作用。本文通过对大量文献的查阅及验证,将对金雀花碱的生物活性及其相关作用机制进行总结,以期为金雀花碱的开发和利用提供理论基础。