Phenotypic differences may limit the potential for habitat restoration involving species translocation: a case study of shape ecophenotypes in different populations of Modiolus modiolus (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

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Biochemical,Physical, Chemical,and Microbiological Assessment of Blue Shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) Stored in Ice

Postmortem changes in blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris) muscle were studied on the basis of biochemical, chemical, physical, and microbiological changes during an 18 day storage period at 0°C. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content, breakdown products, K-value, pH, trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), water holding capacity (WHC), color, and texture (shear force) changes were examined. Also, total mesophilic and psychrophilic bacterial counts were measured. K-value increased linearly (r² = 0.98) from an initial value of 1.37 ± 0.59 to 59.42 ± 6.05% at Day 18. Spoilage indicators TVB-N and TMA-N increased from 29.56 ± 1.33 and 0.69 ± 0.25 to 39.04 and 2.04 ± 0.59 mg of N/100 g at Day 18, respectively; meanwhile, the total viable counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria increased from 3.48 ± 0.44 and 2.61 ± 0.29 log CFU/g to 6.27 ± 0.21 and 7.14 ± 0.39 log CFU/g, respectively, which indicated spoilage at the end of the storage period. The pH, texture, WHC, and color were affected (p < 0.05) during the storage period. Overall, results indicate that blue shrimp muscle quality was maintained for 12 days of storage in ice.     

结球甘蓝耐裂球性状的配合力及遗传力研究

按照Griffing双列杂交方法Ⅳ,选用6个结球甘蓝骨干自交系,配制15个杂交组合,进行耐裂球性状的配合力及其遗传力分析。结果表明：基因加性效应和非加性效应对耐裂球性状均起重要作用,且以加性效应为主,随着田间持续生长时间的延长其加性效应所占比例增加,GCA方差在总遗传方差中所占比例大,GCA/SCA值大于1,且差异达显著水平。选择耐裂球材料时,应着重一般配合力的选择,且应重视在早期世代进行选择。     

Water management and crop production for food security in China: A review

Food security is a high priority issue on the Chinese political agenda. China’s food security is challenged by several anthropogenic, sociopolitical and policy factors, including: population growth; urbanization and industrialization; land use changes and water scarcity; income growth and nutritional transition; and turbulence in global energy and food markets. Sustained growth in agricultural productivity and stable relations with global food suppliers are the twin anchors of food security. Shortfalls in domestic food production can take their toll on international food markets. Turbulence in global energy markets can affect food prices and supply costs, affecting food security and poverty. Policy safeguards are needed to shield food supply against such forces. China must make unremitting policy responses to address the loss of its fertile land for true progress towards the goal of national food security, by investing in infrastructure such as irrigation, drainage, storage, transport, and agricultural research and institutional reforms such as tenure security and land market liberalization. The links between water and other development-related sectors such as population, energy, food, and environment, and the interactions among them require reckoning, as they together will determine future food security and poverty reduction in China. Climate change is creating a new level of uncertainty in water governance, requiring accelerated research to avoid water-related stresses.     

Outdoor mass microalgae production in Bahia Kino, Sonora, NW Mexico

The diatom Chaetoceros muelleri was grown in outdoor mass cultures under the winter, spring and summer conditions of Bahia Kino, Sonora, NW Mexico. The solar irradiance in winter was close to 60% of that available in spring and summer, but the cell concentrations and the harvestable biomass were one order of magnitude higher in spring and summer than in winter. There was no difference between the biomass harvested after 2 and 3 days in winter and summer, whereas in spring it was higher after 3 days. The protein content was significantly lower in winter, and carbohydrates and lipids were higher in winter and spring. The number of cells and the amount of harvestable biomass of outdoor cultures of C. muelleri depend on the temperature prevailing in each season, which causes significant differences in growth rates and in biochemical composition.     

低磷胁迫对不同水稻品种叶片膜脂过氧化及保护酶

利用砂培方法,研究了耐低磷水稻品种（大粒稻、莲塘早3号）和低磷敏感水稻品种（沪占七、新三百粒）在低磷胁迫下,水稻叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的变化。研究结果表明,低磷胁迫使水稻叶片膜脂过氧化加剧,低磷敏感水稻品种的叶片膜脂过氧化程度高于耐低磷水稻品种;耐低磷品种叶片中SOD、CAT和POD活性在低磷胁迫期间相对稳定,而低磷敏感品种在低磷胁迫初期均有明显增加,尔后又快速下降,这表明保护酶的绝对活性与低磷胁迫无关,而变化趋势与低磷胁迫有关。     

基于多模型测度的内蒙古土地利用动态变化分析

以1997、2005和2014年3期土地利用数据为基础,采用多模型测度的分析方法,对内蒙古自治区土地利用类型的动态变化幅度、变化速度及状态趋势进行定量分析。从变化幅度上看,近20年内蒙古自治区土地利用类型发生了明显的变化,草地面积大幅减少,耕地、林地、建设用地、水域和其他土地面积有所增加,其中林地和其他土地增幅较大,园地保持相对稳定;从动态变化上看,内蒙古自治区土地利用动态度变化具有明显的阶段性特征,基本上各用地类型在2005—2014阶段年均变化激烈于1997—2005阶段;从状态趋势上看,整个研究阶段内蒙古土地利用状态指数为0.35,表现为小幅扩张的变化趋势。未来内蒙古土地利用格局将随着人类活动的加剧和自然因素的作用会发生新的变化。     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

渭河流域气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响

以黄河最大的一级支流渭河为研究对象,根据渭河流域华县水文站1958--2011年径流资料,采用Mann—Kendall趋势检验、Pettitt非参数统计和双累积曲线法分析径流序列的变化趋势和突变点,同时采用水量平衡法定量分析气候变化和人类活动对径流量的影响。结果表明：1）华县水文站径流量呈显著下降趋势（标准正态统计变量〈-2．23）,年均递减系数为0．86mm／a;2）径流量自1994年呈显著性减少趋势,据此将径流序列划分为2个阶段,即基准期1958--1994年和变化期1995—2011年;3）变化期较基准期在枯水年、平水年和丰水年径流量分别下降64．6％、41．3％和45．5％,枯水年流量下降趋势最为明显;4）华县站以上控制区内降雨变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率分别为49．0％和51．0％,气候变化对渭河径流量的影响主要是由降水量的减少引起的。     

Microbial community structure in forest soils treated with a fire retardant

The influence of a fire retardant (Firesorb, an acrylic–acrylamide copolymer) on the microbial community structure determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was examined under laboratory conditions using two different textured soils under pine forest. Firesorb was added to unheated and heated soil samples (350°C for 10 min followed by reinoculation, to mimic a forest fire) at three levels of application (none, usual and three times the usual levels), and measurements were made after 12 weeks of incubation. The relative importance of the three factors considered on the PLFA profiles was as follows: soil heating ≫ soil texture ≈ Firesorb treatment. In the unheated soils, Firesorb had a larger effect than soil texture, while the opposite was found in the heated soils. Soil heating reduced the total PLFAs, while Firesorb tended to increase them in both the unheated and heated soils. Soil heating decreased the PLFAs indicative of gram-positive (G⁺) bacteria and tended to increase the fatty acids associated with gram-negative (G⁻) bacteria and, to a lesser extent, the PLFA 18:2ω6, considered to be predominantly of fungal origin. Firesorb treatment decreased the G⁻/G⁺ bacteria ratio in the heated soils but tended to increase it in the unheated soils, the effect being dose dependent.