云斑尖塘鳢♀×线纹尖塘鳢♂杂交育种的初步研究

利用从国外引进的云斑、线纹尖塘鳢的自繁后代,经过强化培育、性腺促熟后,2009年5-9月开展人工杂交试验。试验结果:孵化水温28~30℃时,云斑尖塘鳢♀×线纹尖塘鳢♂孵化时间68h,受精率为90.0%,孵化率为83.6%,培苗出苗率为60.51%,研究证明尖塘鳢属种间杂交可以成功。     

玉米旅欧群体评价及利用潜势分析

通过向玉米辽旅群体中导入血缘相近、脱水速率快的9份欧美种质,构建成含有不同比例欧美种质的3份旅欧群体,能显著改善收获时含水量、出籽率、生育期、穗粗和穗行数等重要性状,且保持原始群体优良的产量一般配合力,显著提高出籽率、穗长和行粒数的一般配合力。杂种优势分析结果表明,旅欧群体所配制的组合有效提升出籽率、收获时含水量、生育期和其他穗部性状的杂种优势,与塘四平头类群的杂优模式存在极高的产量应用潜力,为改良本土种质资源适宜机械化收获和探索欧美种质新的杂优模式奠定基础。     

模拟降雨格局变化对虎尾草分株和根系特征的影响

作为全球气候变化的重要组成部分,降雨格局变化能够对各类植物产生不同的影响.虎尾草为退化盐碱草地恢复的主要先锋种植物之一,降雨格局变化如何影响其分株和根系等特征对于全球变化背景下退化盐碱地的生态恢复至关重要.本研究通过人工模拟降雨格局变化试验,设置了3个降水量(减少30％、不变、增加30％)和2个降雨间隔(1、2d),研...     

微酸性电解水对受鸡粪液污染鸡蛋表面沙门氏菌的喷雾消毒效果

为验证仅采用微酸性电解水（Slightly Acidic Electrolyzed Water,SAEW）对污染鸡粪液鸡蛋进行喷雾清洗和消毒,能否缓解鸡粪等有机物对消毒效果干扰问题,同时找出最佳有效氯浓度和消毒时间。该研究采用喷雾方式,按先清洗后消毒的流程对比双蒸水（H2O）+H2O组（清洗和消毒都用灭菌过的H2O）、碱性电解水（Electronized Reduced Water,ERW）+ERW组（清洗和消毒都用ERW）、H2O+SAEW组（先用灭菌过的H2O清洗,再用SAEW消毒）、ERW+SAEW组（先用ERW清洗,再用SAEW消毒）、SAEW+SAEW组（清洗和消毒都用SAEW）等方式对污染鸡粪液鸡蛋表面沙门氏菌的杀灭效果,并采用多元非线性回归拟合杀菌模型,评估了有效氯浓度和消毒时间对SAEW+SAEW组和ERW+SAEW组的影响。结果发现,仅采用SAEW对污染鸡粪液的鸡蛋进行喷雾杀菌方式,可有效避免鸡粪液对SAEW杀菌效果干扰,当采用SAEW（ACC = 25 mg/L）进行喷雾清洗和消毒,清洗时间10 s,消毒时间18 s时,可完全杀灭污染鸡粪液鸡蛋表面沙门氏菌,杀菌值达到6.26 lg cfu/个;SAEW+SAEW组模型决定系数和调整决定系数分别为0.933和0.930,ERW+SAEW组分别为0.926和0.923;验证试验中,SAEW+SAEW组和ERW+SAEW组实际值和预测值的相关系数分别为0.97和0.95;模型成立,该研究可为SAEW在鸡蛋消毒中的应用提供参考。     

水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术试验研究

根据水稻种植的农艺要求,在同步开沟起垄水稻精量穴播技术的基础上进一步提出了一种水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术。调查了在不同种植方式条件下不同品种的水稻根系在稻田中的分布情况,根据根系的分布情况研究了深施肥技术参数,确定了深施肥深度以不超过10 cm为宜,研究了培杂泰丰、玉香油占2种品种水稻施入0~5 cm土层与5~10 cm土层中的肥料比例关系。试验结果表明华南农业大学研制的同步开沟起垄侧位深施肥水稻精量穴播机能满足水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术的要求,可以作为实施水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术的载体。生产试验表明:水稻穴播同步侧位深施肥技术具有增产、节本的效用。在同等的施肥条件下,机械播种及深施肥处理的有效穗、穗平均实粒数、结实率均高于机械播种人工撒施肥和人工撒直播人工撒施肥,增产418.5~957 kg/hm2,增幅5.86%~13.41%。该文研究可为深施肥机具的设计提供参考依据。     

一株曲霉的一种中温糖化酶的纯化及其部分酶学特性

本研究从广西花坪自然保护区采集的土壤中筛选获得了一株产糖化酶丝状真菌菌株57-45,通过形态学观察和真菌内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列比对分析,将其初步鉴定为曲霉属（Aspergillus sp.）的一个种。纯化真菌57-45所产的一种胞外糖化酶经过硫酸铵分级沉淀、疏水层析和阴离子交换层析三步蛋白质纯化步骤,得到在SDS-PAGE上约60kD的单一蛋白质条带,薄层层析分析表明该纯化的蛋白质水解可溶性淀粉的产物只有葡萄糖,证明该纯化的蛋白质为糖化酶。纯化的糖化酶Km值为1.9mg/mL,Vmax为4148μmol/（min·mg）,最适作用pH5.5,最适作用温度50℃,在同步糖化发酵中有应用的潜力。金属离子Fe3＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋对酶活有较强的抑制作用,EDTA对酶活有较强的促进作用。本文结果将为进一步研究曲霉糖化酶的酶学特性提供新的材料。     

Molecular characterization and PCR detection of a nitrogen-fixing Pseudomonas strain promoting rice growth

Nitrogen-fixing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the genus Pseudomonas have received little attention so far. In the present study, a nitrogen-fixing phytohormone-producing bacterial isolate from kallar grass (strain K1) was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by rrs (16S ribosomal RNA gene) sequence analysis. rrs identity level was high with an uncharacterized marine bacterium (99%), Pseudomonas sp. PCP2 (98%), uncultured bacteria (98%), and Pseudomonas alcaligenes (97%). Partial nifH gene amplified from strain K1 showed 93% and 91% sequence similarities to those of Azotobacter chroococcum and Pseudomonas stutzeri, respectively. The effect of Pseudomonas strain K1 on rice varieties Super Basmati and Basmati 385 was compared with those of three non-Pseudomonas nitrogen-fixing PGPR (Azospirillum brasilense strain Wb3, Azospirillum lipoferum strain N4 and Zoogloea strain Ky1) used as single-strain inoculants. Pseudomonas sp. K1 was detected in the rhizosphere of inoculated plants by enrichment culture in nitrogen-free growth medium, which was followed by observation under the microscope as well as by PCR using a rrs-specific primer. For both rice varieties, an increase in shoot biomass and/or grain yield over that of noninoculated control plants was recorded in each inoculated treatment. The effect of Pseudomonas strain K1 on grain yield was comparable to those of A. brasilense Wb3 and Zoogloea sp. Ky1 for both rice varieties. These results show that nitrogen-fixing pseudomonads deserve attention as potential PGPR inoculants for rice.     

Soybean glycinin subunits: Characterization of physicochemical and adhesion properties

Soybean proteins have shown great potential for applications as renewable and environmentally friendly adhesives. The objective of this work was to study physicochemical and adhesion properties of soy glycinin subunits. Soybean glycinin was extracted from soybean flour and then fractionated into acidic and basic subunits with an estimated purity of 90 and 85%, respectively. Amino acid composition of glycinin subunits was determined. The high hydrophobic amino acid content is a major contributor to the solubility behavior and water resistance of the basic subunits. Acidic subunits and glycinin had similar solubility profiles, showing more than 80% solubility at pH 2.0-4.0 or 6.5-12.0, whereas basic subunits had considerably lower solubility with the minimum at pH 4.5-8.0. Thermal analysis using a differential scanning calorimeter suggested that basic subunits form new oligomeric structures with higher thermal stability than glycinin but no highly ordered structures present in isolated acidic subunits. The wet strength of basic subunits was 160% more than that of acidic subunits prepared at their respective isoelectric points (pI) and cured at 130 degrees C. Both pH and the curing temperature significantly affected adhesive performance. High-adhesion water resistance was usually observed for adhesives from protein prepared at their pI values and cured at elevated temperatures. Basic subunits are responsible for the water resistance of glycinin and are a good starting material for the development of water-resistant adhesives.     

基于动态特性的甘蔗收获机切割器拓扑优化设计

根据甘蔗收获机切割器动态分析结果中应力集中区域较多、振动较大的问题,针对减小甘蔗破头率和能耗及提高整体刚度的需求,在满足工作条件的情况下,以最小柔度为优化目标,对切割器结构进行拓扑优化设计,以优化所得构型为基础,提取并建立切割器新模型。最后,对新模型进行有限元分析,结果表明:优化后的切割器的1阶固有频率提高了10.05%,2阶固有频率提高了15.15%,Z向位移和综合位移分别减少了55.58%和44.58%,质量也减少了3.37%,应力集中区域刚性得到明显提升,为同类甘蔗收获机切割器的优化设计提供了参考和理论依据。     

基于鼹鼠多趾结构特征的仿生切土刀片设计与试验

为降低土壤耕作阻力,分析了鼹鼠前肢手掌的多趾组合结构特征,得到鼹鼠多趾组合结构是一种多窄齿组合结构,且相邻齿间间距可调整,最终确定了多趾组合结构的数学模型。基于该模型,设计了具有仿生结构特征的切土刀片。通过土槽试验,采用四因素三水平的二次正交回归试验方法,分析仿生结构元素m和n、土壤含水率和切土倾角对水平阻力的影响,得到土壤含水率和切土倾角对水平阻力的影响更显著,最优仿生结构元素m为5、n为1.75。通过比较传统和仿生刀片在切土倾角10°~90°和土壤含水率10%~30%下的水平阻力,得到仿生几何结构对刀片切土的临界倾角无显著影响,但土壤含水率对其有显著影响：当土壤含水率为10%和20%时,临界倾角均为30°左右;当土壤含水率为30%时,临界倾角均在40°~50°之间。然而,仿生几何结构对刀片所受的水平阻力有显著影响,在相同的土壤含水率下,仿生刀片的水平阻力总小于传统刀片的水平阻力：当土壤含水率为10%、20%、30%时,仿生刀片的水平阻力分别减小11.48%~39.16%、17.81%~28.00%和11.19%~33.26%。此外,水平阻力的变化与土壤内聚力具有极大的相关性,研究表明土壤含水率为10%~20%时,仿生刀片具有更好的切土性能。