病死畜禽处理的现状及其无害化处理技术

近年来出现的"黄浦江漂猪事件"和"江西高安病死猪事件",引发了人们对病死畜禽无害化处理问题的担忧。病死畜禽的无害化处理还存在养殖者不受重视、政府部门监管不到位、补贴政策落实不到位和处理技术落后等问题。本文分析了当前病死畜禽处理的现状,阐述了五种病死畜禽的无害化处理技术,并提出了4点对策建议。     

草业科学专业本科生“科研助理”培养模式探索——以甘肃农业大学为例

人才培养是高校的根本使命,新时期不断创新办学理念,探索新型培养模式,对全面实施素质教育,提高教育质量至关重要。根据甘肃农业大学本科生"科研助理"培养模式,结合草业科学专业的特点,分析了"科研助理"培养模式及其宗旨,介绍了几种"科研助理"培养模式的常用方法,阐述了各种方法的优缺点和应用情况,还就其运行机制和实施情况等进行了说明,最后探讨了存在的一些问题及其保障措施。旨在加强本科生"科研助理"培养模式的培养效果,为高校草业科学专业与其他专业人才培养提供参考。     

Molecular cloning and functional analysis of duck Toll-like receptor 5

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is responsible for the recognition of bacterial flagellin in vertebrates. In this study, we cloned the single-exon TLR5 gene of the Maya breed of Common Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna). The TLR5 open reading frame is 2580 bp in length and encodes an 859-amino acid protein. The putative amino acid sequence of duck TLR5 consisted of a signal peptide sequence, 11 leucine-rich repeat domains, a leucine-rich repeat C-terminal domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain. The duck TLR5 gene was highly expressed in the lung, bone marrow, spleen, and liver; moderately expressed in kidney, small intestine, large intestine, and brain. A plasmid expressing duck TLR5 was constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells, and expression was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. HEK293T cells transfected with duck TLR5- and NF-κB-luciferase-containing plasmids significantly responded to flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium, indicating that it is a functional TLR5 homolog.     

β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate promotes leucine metabolism and improves muscle fibre composition in growing pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of excess leucine (Leu) vs. its metabolites α‐ketoisocaproate (KIC) and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl butyrate (HMB) on Leu metabolism, muscle fibre composition and muscle growth in growing pigs. Thirty‐two pigs with a similar initial weight (9.55 ± 0.19 kg) were fed 1 of 4 diets for 45 days: basal diet, basal diet + 1.25% L‐Leu, basal diet + 1.25% KIC‐Ca, basal diet + 0.62% HMB‐Ca. Results indicated that relative to the basal diet and HMB groups, Leu and KIC groups exhibited increased Leu concentrations and decreased concentrations of isoleucine, valine and EAAs in selected muscle (p < 0.05) and had lower mRNA levels of MyHC I and higher expression of MyHC IIx/IIb (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the basal and HMB‐supplemented groups. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of AMPKα and UCP3 were higher but the myostatin mRNA levels were lower in the soleus muscle of the HMB group than those from other groups (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrated that doubling dietary Leu content exerted growth‐depressing effects in growing pigs; dietary KIC supplementation induced muscular branched‐chain amino acid imbalance and promoted muscle toward a more glycolytic phenotype; while dietary HMB supplementation promoted the generation of more oxidative muscle types and increased muscle growth specially in oxidative skeletal muscle, and these effects of HMB might be associated with the AMPKα‐Sirt1‐PGC‐1α axis and mitochondrial biogenesis.     

基于国际草坪会议浅析近10年草坪科研概况

以第10届和第11届国际草坪会议论文集为基础,对草坪科技不同研究领域论文分布加以分析,并就前后两届会议论文进行对比,对论文集中关键词出现的频次进行统计分析,试图揭示出草坪科技近10年的研究热点及发展趋势,以期为草坪研究者提供参考。     

蛋鸡种蛋蛋重对孵化率和雏鸡生长发育的影响

将豫州褐壳蛋的种蛋按重量大小分成6组，在相同的条件下进行孵化和饲养试验。结果表明，蛋重在53－56克的种蛋，其受精蛋孵化率最高；不同的蛋重对雏鸡的初生重以及雏鸡在1－3周龄的体重影响较大，蛋重与初生重（γ=0．9899）、1周龄体重（γ＝0．9528）的相关极显著；蛋重与2周龄体重（γ＝0．9032）、3周龄体重（γ＝0．9040）相关显著，与3周龄以后雏鸡体重相关不显著。     

Effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in Holstein heifers

This study examined the effects of road transportation on metabolic and immunological responses in dairy heifers. Twenty Holstein heifers in early pregnancy were divided into non‐transported (NT; n = 7) and transported (T; n = 13) groups. Blood was collected before transportation (BT), immediately after transportation for 100 km (T1) and 200 km (T2), and 24 h after transportation (AT). The T heifers had higher (P < 0.05) blood cortisol and non‐esterified fatty acid concentrations after T1 and T2 than did NT heifers. By contrast, the T heifers had lower (P < 0.05) serum triglyceride concentrations after T1 and T2 than had the NT heifers. The serum cortisol and triglyceride concentrations returned (P > 0.05) to the BT concentrations at 24 h AT in the T heifers. The granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and the percentage of monocytes were higher (P < 0.05) after T2 in the T heifers than in the NT heifers, suggesting that transportation stress increased the numbers of innate immune cells. T heifers had higher (P < 0.01) plasma haptoglobin concentrations than NT heifers 24 h AT. In conclusion, transportation increased cortisol secretion and was correlated with increased metabolic responses and up‐regulation of peripheral innate immune cells in dairy heifers.     

不同蛋白质水平日粮对肥育猪肠道氨基酸转运载体CAT1 mRNA表达量的影响

本试验旨在研究不同蛋白质水平日粮对肥育猪肠道氨基酸转运载体CAT1 mRNA表达量的影响.选取36头杜×长×大二三元杂交阉公猪,平均体重(55.6±7.0)kg,随机分为3个处理,分别饲喂13%(低蛋白质组)、16%(对照组)和19%(高蛋白质组)的蛋白质水平日粮,每个处理12个重复(单栏饲养).于饲喂后第45天,每组随机屠宰5头,分离肠道(十二指肠、空肠和回肠),运用Real-Time PCR技术,以β-actin为内参基因,研究CAT1 mRNA相对于β-actin的表达量.结果表明,在饲喂高蛋白质日粮时,与对照组相比,氨基酸转运载体CAT1 mRNA相对于内参β-actin mRNA的表达量,在肥育猪十二指肠、空肠和回肠中分别提高了58.4%、23.2%和24.5%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);而饲喂低蛋白质日粮时,CAT1 mRNA相对表达量在肥育猪十二指肠和空肠中则分别提高93.1%和122.6%,差异显著(P<0.05),而在回肠中降低了14.3%,差异不显著(P>0.05).高蛋白质水平日粮对肥育猪肠道CAT1 mRNA相对表达最的影响不大,而低蛋白质水平日粮对肥育猪肠道CAT1 mRNA相对表达量的影响较大,尤其是对空肠CAT1 mRNA的相对表达量.     

一株猪高致病性蓝耳病病毒的分离鉴定与遗传变异分析

为研究猪蓝耳病病毒(PRRSV)的遗传进化规律,于2018年从新疆某猪场采集的病猪血液中分离了一株PRRSV,命名为XJ-b。对临床样品采用RT-PCR扩增鉴定,将阳性样品过滤处理之后接种在Marc-145细胞系进行培养,将盲传3代之后出现病变(CPE)的Marc-145样品进行间接免疫荧光鉴定。通过噬斑纯化后,利用RT-PCR对分离株的全基因组进行扩增,使用SeqMan软件对测序结果进行拼接,并根据NCBI上已公布的PRRSV全基因组及Nsp2基因核苷酸序列进行遗传进化与同源性比对分析。结果表明,临床病料RT-PCR检测呈PRRSV核酸阳性,处理后的病料接种至Marc-145细胞72 h之后产生CPE,间接免疫荧光鉴定为PRRSV抗原阳性;序列拼接显示分离株全基因组开放阅读框大小为15119 bp;全基因组和Nsp2基因核苷酸序列分析和同源性比对显示该分离毒株属于中国的高致病性PRRSV亚群。研究结果可为近年来新疆地区PRRSV的毒株差异分析提供参考。