Hypotensive infarction of the spinal cord in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)

A 6.5-year-old male rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) was presented with acute paraplegia following a surgical procedure. During surgery, he experienced an acute hypotensive episode that required 3 hours of supportive therapy before hemodynamic stability was restored. Paraplegia remained unchanged until euthanasia 72 hours later. At necropsy, spinal cord segments T10-S3 had acute, massive panmedullary necrosis, which involved most of the central and middle spinal cord, sparing the peripheral white matter. Additional lesions included arterial border zone necrosis of the brain, centrilobular hepatic necrosis, and proximal renal tubular necrosis. The histologic findings of central spinal cord necrosis with a preserved rim of white matter is consistent with severely decreased flow in the anterior spinal artery. Such lesions can result from episodes of generalized hypoperfusion. Possible factors contributing to the hypotensive episode in this case included the addition of xylazine to ketamine and atropine in the preanesthetic medication, positioning during anesthesia, and decreased blood pressure during surgery.     

Failure of dogs to shed oocysts after being fed bovine fetuses naturally infected by Neospora caninum

Neospora caninum is a protozoan that causes abortion in cattle. The dog has recently been identified as a definitive host for N. caninum. To verify if bovine fetuses can infect dogs, nine 2-4-month-old dogs were fed bovine fetuses naturally infected by N. caninum. None of the dogs excreted oocysts, seroconverted, had clinical signs or lesions compatible with N. caninum infection. Additional studies will be necessary to determine the natural mode of infection of dogs by N. caninum.     

Immunohistochemical localization of inhibin subunits in the testis of the bull

The differential localization of the inhibin beta subunits betaA and betaB in the testis of adult bull was studied using specific monoclonal and polyclonal primary antibodies. Inhibin betaA- and betaB-subunits were localized only in the Sertoli cells. The inhibin betaA-subunit was observed in the cytoplasm while the betaB-subunit was localized in the nucleus. No specific findings depending on spermatogenic stages were observed among the seminiferous tubules. Moreover, the inhibin alpha-subunit was not detected in the testis of the bulls. In addition, no inhibin subunits were detected in the Leydig cells and spermatogenic cells. These findings indicate the presence of betaA- and betaB-subunits in the bull, which may suggest a possibility that activin is produced and/or stored in the Sertoli cells and regulates spermatogenesis in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Moreover, the inhibin betaB-subunit may be produced in the nucleus but the functional meaning of this is not yet clear.     

Wolbachia in filarial nematodes: evolutionary aspects and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases

The presence of intracellular bacteria in the body of various species of filarial nematodes, including important parasites such as Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria immitis, and Onchocerca volvulus, was observed as early as the mid-1970s. These bacteria were shown to be transovarially transmitted (from the female worm to the offspring) and to be present in significant amounts in the body of the nematode. As highlighted by their discoverers, the potential importance of these bacteria is fairly obvious: (1) bacteria-derived molecules should be considered as having an immunological and pathological role in filarial diseases; (2) the interaction between the bacteria and the filarial host deserves investigation, in view of the possibility that the bacteria are needed by the host nematode and could thus represent a target for therapy. Other authors, independently from the discovery of these intracellular bacteria, showed that the antibiotic tetracycline (which is well known for its efficacy on intracellular bacteria) had detrimental effects on two species of filarial nematodes (Brugia pahangi and Litomosoides sigmodontis). It is therefore surprising that for more than 20 years, no further investigations focused on the bacteria of filarial nematodes, nor on the anti-filarial properties of tetracycline. Recently, the bacteria of filarial nematodes have been independently "rediscovered" by research groups from the schools of Hamburg, Liverpool and Milan. These bacteria are now classified as Wolbachia, and the basic aspects of their phylogenetic history and relationship with the Wolbachia of arthropods have been reconstructed. In addition, their implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases have started to be uncovered. This paper, which is authored by representatives of the three European schools who reopened this research area, reviews our present knowledge of these fascinating microorganisms, highlighting the complexity of a symbiotic system which involves, in addition to the nematode and its bacterium, the vertebrate host.     

Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection in a Northern sea otter from Washington state, USA

Dual Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii infection was observed in a Northern sea otter from Washington, USA. The animal was found stranded, convulsed, and died shortly thereafter. Encephalitis caused by both S. neurona and T. gondii was demonstrated in histological sections of brain. Immunohistochemical examination of sections with S. neurona specific antisera demonstrated developmental stages that divided by endopolygeny and produced numerous merozoites. PCR of brain tissue from the sea otter using primer pairs JNB33/JNB54 resulted in amplification of a 1100 bp product. This PCR product was cut in to 884 and 216 bp products by Dra I but was not cut by Hinf I indicating that it was S. neurona [J. Parasitol. 85 (1999) 221]. No PCR product was detected in the brain of a sea otter which had no lesions of encephalitis. Examination of brain sections using T. gondii specific antisera demonstrated tachyzoites and tissue cysts of T. gondii. The lesions induced by T. gondii suggested that the sea otter was suffering from reactivated toxoplasmosis. T. gondii was isolated in mice inoculated with brain tissue. A cat that was fed infected mouse brain tissue excreted T. gondii oocysts which were infective for mice. This is apparently the first report of dual S. neurona and T. gondii in a marine mammal.     

Vaccination against foot and mouth disease: current state and perspectives

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many parts of the world and poses a permanent threat for cloven-hoofed animals in all countries. The available vaccines against FMD are safe and efficacious. Combat of FMD by vaccination is controversial in currently FMD-free countries including the ones of the European Union. The article summarizes our knowledge concerning production and use of vaccines, virus persistence, differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, vaccination programs and perspectives of vaccine development.     

Two new variants of the Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid, 90 kb type III and type IV, recovered from a foal in Japan

Calves were vaccinated orally, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with a smooth, plasmid-cured strain of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, strain 81. Oral vaccination was not effective, as only 1/5 calves survived challenge with virulent S. typhimurium. Strain 81 was attenuated for calves, as only a slight rise in rectal temperatures was detected after vaccination. The organism was excreted by some calves in the faeces, but no signs of diarrhoea were observed after vaccination. After parenteral vaccination, strain 81 was able to reach the intestines, gastric associated lymphoid tissues and other internal lymphoid tissues and remained viable for up to 14 days in the bovine host. After oral challenge with a virulent strain, 9/10 vaccinated calves survived challenge as opposed to 4/10 control calves (p<0.5). Diarrhoea was present in all calves of the control groups, but in only 4/10 of the vaccinated calves. The clinical reactions of the vaccinated calves were milder than in the control calves, as the rises in rectal temperatures were lower, diarrhoea was less severe, and the challenge strain was present in fewer organs from vaccinated calves than control calves. This study showed that parenterally administered Salmonella vaccines can induce both mucosal and systemic immunity, and it is postulated that this capability of strain 81 is related to its colonisation of lymphoid tissues and other systemic and intestinal tissues. This study confirmed that plasmid-cured strains were attenuated in the bovine host and conferred significant protection after parenteral vaccination, but not oral vaccination.     

A multisite case report on the clinical use of sevoflurane in dogs

The purpose of this report was to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of sevoflurane as an inhalant anesthetic in dogs. Subjective and objective data from 196 clinical cases utilizing sevoflurane as the maintenance anesthetic was collected at three sites. After preanesthetic evaluation, the attending anesthesiologist assigned the dogs to one of the following six anesthetic protocols: protocol 1, oxymorphone premedication and thiopental induction; protocol 2, oxymorphone/acetylpromazine premedication and thiopental induction; protocol 3, xylazine/butorphanol premedication and thiopental induction; protocol 4, opioid premedication and propofol induction; protocol 5, optional premedication and mask induction with sevoflurane in oxygen; and protocol 6, optional premedication and optional induction. The average quality of induction, maintenance, and recovery was good to excellent in all protocols. The three most common side effects during maintenance and recovery were hypotension, tachypnea, and apnea. Sevoflurane produces anesthesia in dogs comparable to the other inhalation anesthetics currently used (i.e., halothane and isoflurane) for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.     

Organogenesis of lung and kidney in Thoroughbreds and ponies

Equine lung and kidney organogenesis has not previously been examined with the use of unbiased stereological techniques. The present study examined healthy (control) pony and Thoroughbred lungs and kidneys to establish baseline data of organ development from before birth until maturity at age 3-18 years. Whole left lungs and kidneys were collected from 45 equine postmortem examinations (34 Thoroughbred, 11 pony). Stereological techniques were used to estimate whole kidney, cortex and medulla volume, total glomerular number and volume-weighted mean glomerular volume, lung volume, total terminal bronchiolar duct ending number and total gas exchange surface area. Lungs were demonstrated to be more developed at birth in ponies compared with Thoroughbreds. Thoroughbreds showed continued lung development after birth, a unique micromorphogenic postnatal development. Kidneys were developed equally in ponies and Thoroughbreds. This study has provided data on the baseline development of the equiune lung and kidney which can be used in further studies to examine whether the development of these organs is affected by specific illnesses.