Partititioning concurrent influences of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on photosynthetic model parameters of Pinus radiata

Responses of photosynthesis (A) to intercellular CO(2) concentration (C(i)) were measured in a fast- and a slow-growing clone of Pinus radiata D. Don cultivated in a greenhouse with a factorial combination of nitrogen and phosphorus supply. Stomatal limitations scaled with nitrogen and phosphorus supply as a fixed proportion of the light-saturated photosynthetic rate (18.5%) independent of clone. Photosynthetic rates at ambient CO(2) concentration were mainly in the V(cmax)-limited portion of the CO(2) response curve at low-nitrogen supply and at the transition between V(cmax) and J(max) at high-nitrogen supply. Nutrient limitations to photosynthesis were partitioned based on the ratio of foliage nitrogen to phosphorus expressed on a leaf area basis (N(a)/P(a)), by minimizing the mean square error of segmented linear models relating photosynthetic parameters (V(cmax), J(max), T(p)) to foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. A value of N(a)/P(a) equal to 23 (mole basis) was identified as the threshold separating nitrogen (N(a)/P(a) < or = 23) from phosphorus (N(a)/P(a) > 23) limitations independent of clones. On an area basis, there were significant positive linear relationships between the parameters, V(cmax), J(max), T(p) and N(a) and P(a), but only the relationships between T(p) and N(a) and P(a) differed significantly between clones. These findings suggest that, in genotypes with contrasting growth, the responses of V(cmax) and J(max) to nutrient limitation are equivalent. The relationships between the parameters V(cmax), J(max), T(p) and foliage nutrient concentration on a mass basis were unaffected by clone, because the slow-growing clone had a significantly greater leaf area to mass ratio than the fast-growing clone. These results may be useful in discriminating nitrogen-limited photosynthesis from phosphorus-limited photosynthesis.     

猪仿生消化中小肠阶段消化酶对饲粮总能与粗蛋白质消化率的贡献

本试验旨在探讨猪仿生消化中小肠阶段主要消化酶的组成及活性对饲粮养分消化率的贡献,为仿生消化法评定猪饲粮养分的消化率提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,5个处理分别为胃模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶+小肠消化4 h时补充消化酶)模拟消化,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1根消化管。考察各处理条件下玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质及总能消化率的差异和各消化酶的贡献。结果表明:1)模拟小肠液中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶均可显著提高胃消化后玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能的消化率(P<0.05);胰蛋白酶可以进一步提高胃消化后豆粕、小麦麸的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能消化率(P<0.05);补充3种消化酶可以提高对小麦麸粗蛋白质及玉米-豆粕型饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质及总能的消化率(P<0.05)。2)小肠液中消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献上,因饲粮底物的不同而异,其中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶对总能和粗蛋白质消化率的贡献相对较高,而胰蛋白酶和补充消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献虽然相对较少,但也可以引起消化率显著性差异(P<0.05)。在猪的小肠模拟消化阶段,淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及补充消化酶对饲粮养分的消化程度均有显著性贡献。     

秸秆还田对连作玉米田土壤微生物学特性的影响

以冷凉地区玉米秸秆还田土壤为研究对象,在大田条件下设玉米秸秆不还田(CK)、玉米秸秆旋耕还田(XG)和深翻还田(SF)3个处理,经过两年田间定位试验,分析短期秸秆还田对连作玉米田土壤微生物学特性的影响。结果表明,秸秆旋耕还田和深翻还田显著提高0~30 cm土壤酶活性及土壤细菌多样性,秸秆旋耕还田可提高耕层(0~30 cm)土壤细菌多样性,秸秆深翻还田可提高耕层(11~30 cm)土壤细菌多样性。秸秆深翻还田土壤中富含功能微生物,可作为筛选功能微生物的样品。     

短期休牧对克氏针茅草原植物群落物种多样性及稳定性影响研究

文章采用野外植物样方采取及实验室数据分析相结合的方法,以阿巴嘎旗北部牧户常年放牧和隔年休牧的冬季草场为例,探讨短期休牧对克氏针茅草原植物物种多样性及群落稳定性的影响。结论如下:(1)两个草场植物群落内植物数量差异不大,主要差异表现在主要植物的平均重要值及两个草场仅有2对共优种。此外,短期休牧冬季草场的禾本科植物比重提升的同时,一年生藜科植物也显著提升;(2)短期休牧冬季草场的植物群落物种多样性指数略高于常年放牧冬季草场,但差异不显著;(3)两个草场植物群落处于中等相似水平,植物种间存在分异化趋势;(4)短期休牧冬季草场植物群落总体呈微弱正联结,种间联结松散,处于正向演替阶段,常年放牧冬季草场呈微弱负相关,群落较不稳定,存在一定退化风险;(5)两个草场的植物群落离稳定性都有一定差距,但短期休牧冬季草场植物群落稳定性略好于常年放牧冬季草场。可见,短期休牧有利于克氏针茅草原植物群落物种多样性和稳定性保持。     

Radiculomeningomyelitis due to Halicephalobus gingivalis in a horse

An adult horse was euthanatized following a clinical diagnosis of cauda equina neuritis. Significant gross postmortem and histopathologic findings were limited to the sacral spinal cord and cauda equina. The sacral spinal cord, meninges, and spinal nerve roots were expanded and partially effaced by sclerosing granulomatous inflammation with necrosis. The lesion contained numerous nematode larvae and fewer adults with a rhabditiform esophagus having a corpus, isthmus, and valved bulb. Female nematodes were amphidelphic and didelphic with reflexed ovaries. These morphologic features confirm Halicephalobus gingivalis as a novel cause of clinical signs in this case of cauda equina neuritis.     

Effects of sodium nitroprusside after load reduction and/or atropine pre-treatment prior to dexmedetomidine administration on cardiovascular variables in dogs

The purpose of this study was to determine the cardiovascular effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP)‐induced after load reduction in dogs administered dexmedetomidine (DEX). Using a randomized crossover design and allowing at least 2 weeks between treatments 12 adult hound dogs of either sex weighing 22 ± 1.7 SD kg were anesthetized by face mask administration of 2.9% ET sevoflurane to facilitate instrumentation prior to administration of treatment drugs. Dogs were intubated and instrumented to enable measurement of heart rate (HR), systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), pulmonary arterial temperature (TEMP), and cardiac output (CO). Systemic (SVR) and pulmonary vascular resistances were calculated. Following completion of instrumentation dogs were allowed to recover for 40 minutes. After collection of baseline data, dogs were administered one of four treatments at T–10 minutes prior to injection of DEX (500? g M^–2 IM): 1) saline (SAL); 2) atropine (ATR, 0.02 [n = 6] or 0.04 [n = 6] mg kg^–1 IM); 3) SAL + SNP (infused at 1–10 ?g kg^–1 minute^–1, IV as needed to maintain MAP between 90–110 mm Hg; or 4) ATR + SNP. Cardiovascular data were collected at T‐20 minutes prior to administration of DEX, T‐5 and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 minutes following DEX. Data were analyzed using anova for repeated measures with post hoc differences between means identified using Bonferroni's method (p < 0.05). Differences in ATR dose were not found to be significant and thus results for ATR dose groups were pooled. Administration of SAL (dexmedetomidine alone) was associated with decreases in HR and CO and increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, CVP, and SVR. Administration of ATR was associated with an increase in HR and CO compared with SAL. Administration of SNP was associated with an increase in HR and CO and a decrease in SVR, MAP and CVP compared with SAL. Administration of SNP + ATR was associated with effects similar to that of SNP or ATR alone and resulted in an additive increase in CO. We conclude that SNP‐induced afterload reduction with or without atropine is effective in mitigating DEX‐induced impairment of cardiovascular function.     

GC-MS分析慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物的影响

【目的】随着养殖业集约化和规模化的发展,舍内环境对畜禽生长的影响日益突出。在密闭舍饲条件下,不断产生有毒有害气体,其中氨气的危害最大,降低畜禽生产性能,威胁动物健康。为此开展慢性氨气应激对肉鸡血清代谢物影响的研究,从小分子物质和代谢途径方面探究氨气导致机体代谢发生的变化,为舍内氨气的合理调控提供数据支持。【方法】试验采用单因素完全随机设计,将96只21日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分成对照组和试验组,每组设4个重复,每个重复12只鸡。对照组氨气浓度为0 mg·kg^-1,试验组氨气浓度为45 mg·kg^-1。试验在人工模拟呼吸舱内进行,呼吸舱采用全自动化控制温湿度等养殖条件,采用网上平养,自由采食和饮水,24h光照,试验期为21d。在肉鸡42日龄时,从每个重复中随机抽取2只,翅静脉采血,分离血清。将血清样品预处理后,采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(gas chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer technology, GC-MS)检测代谢产物,利用质谱数据库对其进行鉴定。通过主成分分析、偏最小二乘法判别分析、正交偏最小二...     

动态调节人工乳粘稠度和营养成分饲喂无菌大鼠效果研究

根据无菌大鼠乳鼠吮吸乳汁的规律,建立一套新的人工哺乳(AR)无菌乳鼠的方法.设计并配制6种适合不同日龄乳鼠的人工乳(LWF),并测定人工乳主要的营养成分含量和粘稠度等.无菌剖腹产术得到30只无菌乳鼠,采用吮吸法饲喂乳鼠至21日龄断乳,以30只代乳母鼠哺乳(MR)的乳鼠为对照,每日称量乳鼠体重,观察生长发育情况,计算离乳时乳鼠的生存率,检查8对100日龄以上AR无菌大鼠的生育能力.6种人工乳除LWF-6外,其余人工乳的蛋白质、脂肪、糖类、灰分、钙、钾、钠、氯、磷的含量、总能量和pH与大鼠乳相似,但这些人工乳的粘稠度不同.从LWF-1至LWF-5,蛋白质、脂肪、糖类的含量、能量和粘稠度不断增加.虽然AR乳鼠的体重增长不如MR乳鼠(2日龄时,P＜0.05;3日龄时,P＜0.01),但其生长发育正常.AR乳鼠的离乳率为73.3%,MR鼠为100%.8对AR无菌大鼠都有生育力.说明采用动态调节人工乳粘稠度和营养成分含量的方法可以用于饲喂无菌乳鼠,并且存活率较高.     

几种生长调节剂对四翅滨藜全光喷雾扦插效果的影响

四翅滨藜全光照喷雾嫩枝扦插试验结果表明:采用NAA、ABT 2号生根粉、IBA等3种外源植物生长调节剂处理插条2 h,对插条具有良好的促根作用,其中100 mg/L NAA为最好,生根率可达到93.6%;100 mg/LABT2号生根粉和100 mg/L IBA次之,生根率分别可以达到92.6%,92.3%.