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71.
72.
A 24-yr-old, male western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) was diagnosed with congestive heart failure using transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiology. New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III was assigned to the severity of the condition. Over 16 mo, this progressed to NYHA Class IV despite increasing medical therapy. Repeated evaluations suggested that implantation of a cardiac resynchronization therapy device with a defibrillator (CRT-D) could benefit this animal based on clinical signs and underlying evidence of dyssynchrony and suspected fibrotic myocardial disease. Surgical implantation of leads into the right atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle was accomplished. The CRT-D device was placed under the thoracic pectoral muscles during an initial surgical procedure. Improvement in the gorilla's clinical condition after implantation of the CRT-D device was immediate and dramatic. Subsequent scanning of the device was accomplished through operant conditioning. The data from these device interrogations included stored and real-time cardiac data, which were used to minimize recognized environmental stressors and change device settings. Over 4 yr, case management was critical to successful device use in treatment of the clinical disease. This involved medications, training for device interrogation, exercise to increase activity and improve body condition, and phlebotomy attempts. Dietary management was necessary to manipulate caloric and sodium intake and encourage medication compliance. Cardiac resynchronization therapy device implantation, although requiring specialized equipment and surgical skill, appears to be a viable option for treatment of fibrosing cardiomyopathy with systolic dysfunction in gorillas refractory to medical management. In addition to treatment, this device provides cardiovascular data at rest that could allow for early diagnosis and treatment of gorillas with this and other cardiac conditions in the future. This describes the comprehensive medical, husbandry, and training techniques necessary to successfully manage this intense clinical case in conjunction with intracardiac device therapy. 相似文献
73.
Marie Gosme Philippe Lucas 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(1):119-131
The importance of the spatial aspect of epidemics has been recognized from the outset of plant disease epidemiology. The objective
of this study was to determine if the host spatial structure influenced the spatio-temporal development of take-all disease
of wheat, depending on the inoculum spatial structure. Three sowing patterns of wheat (broadcast sowing, line sowing and sowing
in hills) and three patterns of inoculum (uniform, aggregated and natural infestation) were tested in a field experiment,
repeated over 2 years. Disease (severity, root disease incidence, plant disease incidence and, when applicable, line and hill
incidences) was assessed seven times during the course of each season and the spatial pattern was characterized with incidence-incidence
relationships. In the naturally infested plots, disease levels at all measurement scales were significantly higher in plots
sown in hills, compared to plots sown in line, which were in turn significantly more diseased than plots with broadcast sowing.
Disease aggregation within roots and plants was stronger in line and hill sowing than in broadcast sowing. Analysis of the
disease gradient in the artificially infested plots showed that the disease intensified (local increase of disease level)
more than it extensified (spatial spread of the disease), the effect of the introduced inoculum was reduced by 95% at a distance
of 15 cm away from the point of infestation. Yield was not significantly affected by sowing pattern or artificial infestation. 相似文献
74.
Olsson ME Gustavsson KE Andersson S Nilsson A Duan RD 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(24):7264-7271
The effects of 10 different extracts of fruits and berries on cell proliferation of colon cancer cells HT29 and breast cancer cells MCF-7 were investigated. The fruits and berries used were rosehips, blueberries, black currant, black chokeberries, apple, sea buckthorn, plum, lingonberries, cherries, and raspberries. The extracts decreased the proliferation of both colon cancer cells HT29 and breast cancer cells MCF-7, and the effect was concentration dependent. The inhibition effect for the highest concentration of the extracts varied 2-3-fold among the species, and it was in the ranges of 46-74% (average = 62%) for the HT29 cells and 24-68% (average = 52%) for the MCF-7 cells. There were great differences in the content of the analyzed antioxidants in the extracts. The level of the vitamin C content varied almost 100-fold, and the content of total carotenoids varied almost 150-fold among the species. Also in the composition and content of flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, and phenolics were found great differences among the 10 species. The inhibition of cancer cell proliferation seen in these experiments correlated with levels of some carotenoids and with vitamin C levels, present at levels that can be found in human tissues. The same inhibition of cell proliferation could not be found by ascorbate standard alone. This correlation might indicate a synergistic effect of vitamin C and other substances. In MCF-7 cells, the anthocyanins may contribute to the inhibition of proliferation. 相似文献
75.
D. P. Ormrod J. L. Deveau B. A. Marie O. B. Allen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1988,39(1-2):187-199
Maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown in a controlled environment and exposed for 6 hr daily for 7 days to O3 at 0.15 μL L?1 and/or SO2 at 0.30 μL L?1 (daily exposures). Some plants exposed daily to O3 were also exposed to SO2 for 6 hr on the first, third, fifth, or seventh day of O3 exposure (variable exposures) and some plants exposed daily to SO2 were treated similarly with O3 to determine the growth effects of O3 or S02 pre- and/or post-treatments on S02 and O3 mixture response. Growth sensitivity to 6 hr S02 or 6 hr O3 treatments was generally affected by the previous history of O3 or SO2 exposure, respectively. Species differed in the number of days of O3 or SO2 treatments required to elicit maximum sensitivity to a single 6 hr O3 and SO2 treatment. Linear contrasts compared variable with daily exposures for the S02 and O3 regimes. Plants exposed to the gas mixture for a single day (variable exposures) tended to be smaller than those exposed to the gas mixture daily, with the exception of soybean exposed to SO2 during daily O3. The six treatments were carried out in eight exposure chambers, as a partially balanced incomplete block design in blocks of four due to separate environmental control of the exposure facilities. The partially balanced incomplete block design proved to be about 2.6 times as efficient as a complete block design. The inclusion of covariates further increased precision. 相似文献
76.
Olsson ME Ekvall J Gustavsson KE Nilsson J Pillai D Sjöholm I Svensson U Akesson B Nyman MG 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(9):2490-2498
Four cultivars of strawberries (Senga Sengana, BFr77111, Elsanta, and Honeoye) were studied for their content of antioxidants, total antioxidant capacity, and low molecular weight carbohydrates in relation to harvest year, ripening stage, and cold storage. For ascorbic acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, and total antioxidative capacity, measured in both water-soluble and water-insoluble extracts, there was a 2-5-fold variation among cultivars. Unripe berries contained lower concentrations of chlorogenic acid and p-coumaric acid and also quercetin and kaempferol compared with riper berries. During cold storage for up to 3 days, relatively few changes in the concentration of the different antioxidants occurred. The concentrations of several investigated parameters were interrelated, for example, for ascorbic acid and water-soluble antioxidant capacity and for ellagic acid and water-insoluble antioxidant capacity. The dominating sugars in strawberries were fructose and glucose, but considerable amounts of sucrose were also present, and their contents varied among cultivars, giving a predicted glycemic index of approximately 81. Verbascose, raffinose, and stachyose were found in only minor amounts. The study shows that the concentration of a number of bioactive compounds in strawberries varied according to cultivar, ripening stage, and storage. This information should make it possible to select strawberries with an optimal content of bioactive compounds. 相似文献
77.
Ivar V gsholm Hans Olav Djupvik Finn Victor Willumsen Anne Marie Tveit Karl Tangen 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1994,19(3-4):277-290
A case-control study is reported of 57 holdings (holdings in which salmon are raised in sea-water) with infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) and 61 holdings without ISA, together with a follow-up study of the control holdings, during 1988–1990. Generally the identified risk factors implied poor biosecurity since passive transmission (proximity to other ISA holdings) and active transmission (management practices which increased exposure to foreign biological material) were found to be major risk factors. The findings indicated that ISA was spread by infected live salmon or infected biological material i.e. animal waste or discharge from normal operations and slaughter. The findings also indicated that decreased host resistance could be important, but these results could be also be explained by a misclassification bias. Moreover, the findings indicate that a prompt eradication policy and improved biosecurity would be important means of controlling ISA. 相似文献
78.
Repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves, flowers and roots of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill were the most toxic, followed by those of Ferula hermonis Boiss, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Pinus pinea L, Laurus nobilis L and Eucalyptus spp with LC50 values of 24.5, 44.0, 60.0, 75.0, 117.0 and 120.0 mg litre(-1), respectively. Combination tests between the LC50 and the maximum sub-lethal concentration (MSLC) were determined. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant species tested. Five essential oils and nine pure components were studied for their repellency against mosquito bites. Terpineol and 1,8-cineole were the most effective against Culex pipiens molestus bites offering complete protection for 1.6 and 2 h, respectively. 相似文献
79.
80.
Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Pathogens that are transmitted between the environment, wildlife, livestock and humans represent major challenges for the protection of human and domestic animal health, the economic sustainability of agriculture, and the conservation of wildlife. Among such pathogens, the genus Mycobacterium is well represented by M. bovis, the etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis, M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) the etiological agent of Johne disease, M. avium ssp. avium (Maa) and in a few common cases by other emergent environmental mycobacteria. Epidemiologic surveys performed in Europe, North America and New Zealand have demonstrated the existence and importance of environmental and wildlife reservoirs of mycobacterial infections that limit the attempts of disease control programmes. The aim of this review is to examine the zoonotic aspects of mycobacteria transmitted from the environment and wildlife. This work is focused on the species of two main groups of mycobacteria classified as important pathogens for humans and animals: first, M. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex and has a broad host range including wildlife, captive wildlife, domestic livestock, non-human primates and humans; the second group examined, is the M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) which includes M. avium ssp. avium causing major health problems in AIDS patients and M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis the etiological agent of Johne disease in cattle and identified in patients with Crohn disease. MAC agents, in addition to a broad host range, are environmental mycobacteria found in numerous biotopes including the soil, water, aerosols, protozoa, deep litter and fresh tropical vegetation. This review examines the possible reservoirs of these pathogens in the environment and in wildlife, their role as sources of infection in humans and animals and their health impact on humans. The possibilities of control and management programmes for these mycobacterial infections are examined with regards to the importance of their natural reservoirs. 相似文献