Phylogeographic implications for release of critically endangered manatee calves rescued in Northeast Brazil

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Knowledge and perceptions of dog-associated zoonoses: Brazos County,Texas, USA

In order to assess the knowledge and perceptions of dog-associated zoonoses in Brazos County, Texas, random digit dialing was used to select 922 households for participation in a cross-sectional telephone survey. The interviews were completed during June 2008 and yielded a response rate of 55% (922/1691). Fifty-six percent of the respondents who completed the questionnaire owned dogs. Eighty-six percent of the respondents indicated they would report being bitten by a dog that they did not own. Five factors were shown to be significantly associated with such reporting. Those respondents who believed that rabies could be transmitted by bats were 5.5 times more likely (95% CI: 1.6, 18.6) to report a dog bite compared to people who did not hold this belief. Respondents who would seek emergency treatment if they believed they had been exposed to rabies were 3.1 times more likely to report a bite (95% CI: 1.8, 5.4). Those who were over 60 years of age were 2.3 times more likely (95% CI: 1.2, 4.4) to report being bitten when compared to respondents who were under the age of 60. Living inside the city limits also increased the chance that the respondent would report being bitten by a dog (OR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.9). Females were 2.3 times more likely (95% CI: 1.3, 3.7) to report being bitten than their male counterparts. Dog ownership did not have a significant impact on reporting. Only 85% of respondents stated that they would seek emergency treatment if they believed that they may have been exposed to rabies. In addition, only 59% of respondents were aware that exposure to rabies without treatment could lead to death. While 98% of respondents had heard of rabies and knew that it was possible to get it from a dog, only 54% of respondents knew that worms could be transmitted from dogs to people. This study demonstrated that many people surveyed lacked knowledge about dog-associated zoonotic diseases, which could seriously impact their health and the health of their families. It is important to find a method of getting information out to the public in order to correct this deficiency.     

The influence of some biologically active compounds on microbial activity and on the availability of plant nutrients in soils. I. simazine,ioxynil and 2,3,6-tba

The effect of the herbicides simazine (2)-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine, ioxynil (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile) and 2,3,6-TBA(2, 3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid) on microbial activity and available plant nutrient content of an acid and an alkaline soil during an incubation period of six weeks under aerobic conditions has been studied in comparison with untreated soils. The herbicides were incorporated with the soils at normal application rates. At intervals determinations were made of carbon dioxide liberated, the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen and of available mineral plant nutrient elements. These quantities were not significantly influenced by the presence of 2,3,6-TBA :simazine stimulated microbial activity and ioxynil did so after an initial period of suppression. Both simazine and ioxynil retarded nitrification in the alkaline soil but increased it in the acid soil, attributed in part to stimulation of heterotrophic organisms. Biological oxidation of manganese was retarded by ioxynil but stimulated by simazine. Changes in the availability of some other plant nutrient elements were also found.     

The genetics of epilepsy in the British Alsatian

Study of the pedigrees of a population of normal and epileptic Alsatians has revealed that there is a genetic basis for the condition in this breed, and that this basis is more complex than has hitherto been suggested. A preponderance of males is affected and there is strong evidence for additive factors determining the age at which animals first show clinical signs, and for the effect of one or more major genes. Only an objective test-mating programme is likely to delineate the true mode of inheritance.     

Assessing repeatability and validity of a visual analogue scale questionnaire for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To develop a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire that is repeatable and valid for use in assessing pain and lameness in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: 48 client-owned dogs with mild to moderate lameness. PROCEDURE: The dogs were from 3 studies conducted during a 3-year period. Of the 48 dogs, 19 were used in repeatability assessment, 48 were used in principal component analysis, and 44 were used in model selection procedures and validity testing. A test-retest measure of repeatability was conducted on dogs with a change of < 10% in vertical peak force. A force platform was used as the criterion-referenced standard for detecting lameness. Principal component analysis was used to describe dimensionality of the data. Repeatable questions were used as explanatory variables in multiple regression models to predict force plate measurements. Peak vertical, craniocaudal, and associated impulses were the forces used to quantify lameness. The regression models were used to test the criterion validity of the questionnaire. RESULTS: 19 of 39 questions were found to be repeatable on the basis of a Spearman rank-correlation cut point of > 0.6. Model selection procedures resulted in 3 overlapping subsets of questions that were considered valid representations of the forces measured (vertical peak, vertical impulse, and propulsion peak). Each reduced model fit the data as well as the full model. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The VAS questionnaire was repeatable and valid for use in assessing the degree of mild to moderate lameness in dogs.