鲆鲽鱼营养生理研究进展

本文综述了鲆鲽鱼类营养生理的研究进展,涉及鲆鲽鱼对蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、必需脂肪酸、碳水化合物、维生素和微量元素的需要量及各种营养元素的生理功能,评价饲料中各营养素缺乏和过量对鲆鲽鱼生长的影响,以及各营养素之间的相互关系。     

More about the potato nematode,Heterodera rostochiensis Woll., in Peru

Thirteen resistant selections ofS. tuberosum hybrids bred in the U.S.A. and Europe and 44 diploid clones derived fromS. vernei, S. spegazzinii, S. neohawkesii, andS. sanctaerosae each with resistance to one or more pathotypes ofH. rostochiensis were tested for their resistance to three Peruvian populations of this nematode. Only one diploid clone ofS. sanctatrosae was found to be resistant to the three populations of nematodes, but several clones were resistant to one or another of the nematode populations. More clones were found to resist the nematode population collected near Cuzco than those populations collected near Huancayo or Otuzco. Morphometric measurements of body length, stylet length, and distance of median valve to excretory pore, of second stage larvae showed great variation and no clear difference among the three populations. The measurements obtained were closer to pathotype E from England than to any other recognized pathotypes.     

杧果种质资源若干植物学数量性状评价指标探讨

为建立或完善中国数量化、规范化的杧果种质资源描述系统,以便更好地为中国杧果种质资源的研究工作服务,2007～2009年7月,在海南儋州市中国热带农业科学院热带作物品种资源研究所杧果种质圃内进行杧果品种(种质)资源的叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶柄长度、花序长度、花序宽度、花直径、果实纵径、果实横径、果实侧径、核长度、核宽度和核厚度等12项植物学数量性状指标的测定.结果表明, 12个数量性状均存在10%以上的变异系数,叶柄长度、果实纵径和果核长度呈偏态分布,其他9项呈正态分布.根据分析结果,提出了性状分级标准,建议将12个植物学数量性状分为1～5个等级,每个等级提出2个参照品种,1个国外品种,1个国内品种.该研究为中国杧果种质资源描述系统数量化、规范化的建立或完善奠定基础.     

饲料水分的快速测定方法

国标法（ＧＢ６４３５ -８６）测定饲料中水分的含量结果准确 ,但时间较长。本实验方便快捷 ,而且可节约成本 ,对中小型企业有一定的实用价值。１说明本实验的仪器设备、试样选取和制备、结果计算等全部与国标法相同 ,所测试样全部为本厂生产的饲料成品或进货的饲料原料。２测定步骤洁净称样皿 ,在１３０±２℃烘箱中烘１ｈ ,取出 ,在干燥器中冷却３０ｍｉｎ ,称准至０ ０００２ｇ,再烘干３０ｍｉｎ ,同样冷却 ,称重 ,直至两次重量之差小于０ ０００５ｇ为恒重。用已恒重称样皿称取两份平行试样 ,每份２～５ｇ（含水重０ １ｇ以上 ,样品厚度…     

金钱豹消化试验

为探讨金钱豹对含植物性成分的混合日粮的消化情况,采用市售某品牌罐装犬粮(简称罐头组)饲喂7只金钱豹,测定其主要营养成分的表观消化率,同时设牛肉和瘦猪肉组成的纯肉日粮(简称纯肉组)作为对照。结果表明,纯肉组干物质、粗蛋白、脂肪、能量等主要营养成分的表观消化率分别为：(97．37±0．69)％、(98 98±0．32)％、(97．78±0．47)％、(98．30±0 43)％,罐头组干物质、粗蛋白、脂肪、能量等主要营养成分的表观消化率分别为：(74．49±4．18)％、(85．74±1．50)％、(90．45±5．02)％、(94．92±3．27)％。其中干物质和蛋白质的表观消化率组问呈极显著差异(P＜0．01),脂肪的表观消化率组间达显著差异(P＜0．05),而能量的表观消化率组间差异不显著(P＞0．05)。     

Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea

A growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of fish meal (FM) by meat and bone meal (MBM) in diets on the growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Six isonitrogenous (43% crude protein) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g^− 1) diets replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% FM protein by MBM protein were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in sea floating cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m), and each cage was stocked with 180 fish (initial average weight of 1.88 ± 0.02 g). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:30) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 32.5 °C, salinity from 32 to 36‰, and dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg l^− 1 during the experimental period. Survival decreased with increasing dietary MBM and the survival in the fish fed the diet with 75% protein from MBM was significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) among the fish fed the diets with 0 (the control group), 15, 30 and 45% protein from MBM. However, SGR in the fish fed the diets with 60 and 75% protein from MBM were significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences in feeding rate were observed among dietary treatments. The digestibility experiment showed that the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein, lipid and energy of MBM were significantly lower compared with those of FM (P < 0.05). Essential amino acid index was found to be correlated positively with SGR in the present study, suggesting that essential amino acid balance was important. Body composition analysis showed that the carcass protein and essential amino acids were not significantly affected by dietary MBM. The lipid and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) in fish muscle, however, significantly decreased with increasing dietary MBM. These results showed that 45% of FM protein could be replaced by MBM protein in diets of large yellow croaker without significantly reducing growth. It was suggested that the reduced growth with higher MBM was due to lower digestibility and imbalance of essential amino acids.     

Effects of Dietary Binders on Survival and Growth Performance of Postlarval Tongue Sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis (Günther)

A 30‐d feeding experiment was conducted in tanks to investigate the effects of four different binders (2% in microdiet) on the survival, growth performance, and specific activity of digestive enzymes in tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther, postlarvae (24 d after hatching, with initial average wet weight of 22.4 ± 6.65 mg [mean ± SD]). Five approximately isonitrogenous and isoenergetic microbound diets were formulated with carrageenan (Car), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMS), sodium alginate (SA), and gelatin (Gel) as binders, and a diet with no special binder as a control. A commercial diet (RQ Com., manufactured by Marubeni Nisshin Feed Co., Ltd., Chita, Japan) was used as another tested diet, and Artemia nauplii was used as live prey control. The results showed that the survival of the fish fed SA diet (31.3%) was significantly higher than that of fish fed CMS (21.8%), Car (10.8%), and control (21.8%) diets (P < 0.05), but significantly lower than that of the fish fed the live prey (54.5%) diet (P < 0.05). The results of growth followed the similar pattern as that of survival, although there were no significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed SA, CMS, Gel, the control, and RQ diets (7.2, 6.8, 7.0, 6.9, and 7.3% per day; P > 0.05). However, fish fed Car diet had a significantly lower SGR (5.9% per day) than fish fed other diets. Percentages of secreted amylase in fish fed artificial diets were not significantly different, but fish fed artificial diets had significantly higher (P < 0.05) secreted amylase than live prey group. Percentage of secreted trypsin in fish fed SA diet (54.9%) was relatively higher compared with other binders, and not significantly different from RQ Com. and live prey treatments. However, trypsin in fish fed Car diets (29.3%) was significantly lower than in other groups. Specific activities of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the intestine and AP and leucine aminopeptidase N in brush border membranes in fish fed SA diet (264.6, 1882.8, and 187.2 mU/mg protein) were relatively higher compared with other binders. These results indicate that SA is one of suitable binders compared with carrageenan, CMS, and gelatin in microdiet of postlarval tongue sole.     

转基因水稻恢复系及其F1代Bt蛋白的时空表达分析

本研究以抗虫水稻恢复系9311(Bt)及其杂交种F1(Bt)为研究材料,以非转基因的9311为阴性对照,利用ELISA方法研究9311(Bt)及F1(Bt)各生育时期可溶性总蛋白和Bt蛋白的时空变化规律,为转Bt基因抗虫水稻的安全监管提供科学依据。结果表明：外源基因的导入没有引起水稻组织中可溶性总蛋白含量的明显变化;9311(Bt)的Bt蛋白表达量在整个生长周期的各个部位均高于相应的F1(Bt)植株;同一植株不同组织器官中Bt蛋白表达量为：叶片跃胚乳跃颖壳及茎秆跃根;同一植株不同发育期叶片Bt蛋白的测定结果整体表现为：营养生长阶段跃生殖生长阶段跃成熟衰老阶段。研究结果为转Bt基因抗虫水稻适宜检测时期的选择提供了一定的参考。     

“蜜脆”食荚豌豆的选育及应用研究

食荚豌豆多以扁荚、高杆为主。课题组自1986年起经过6年努力有成了矮秆、早熟、适合多季栽培的圆棍型食荚豌豆新品种——蜜脆,并已在全国12个省市推广应用。     

土壤中单宁和植酸降解菌的筛选、鉴定及液态发酵研究

为从土壤中筛选能够同时降解单宁和植酸的微生物,本实验利用富集培养技术,分离、筛选、鉴定土壤中的单宁和植酸降解菌,并研究其在液态发酵下的产酶能力。结果显示,从土壤中共获得109株纯菌落,包括39株细菌、46株酵母菌以及24株霉菌。分别用单宁筛选性培养基和植酸筛选性培养基筛选上述菌株,获得27株植酸降解菌和14株单宁降解菌,其中霉菌M-6、M-3和M-1可以同时分解单宁和植酸,且霉菌M-6的水解圈直径大于M-3和M-1。在液态发酵条件下,随着发酵温度的升高(20~35°C),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈现先升高而后降低的趋势,在发酵温度为30°C时达到最高值(P0.05)。随着发酵p H的升高(p H 4~7),霉菌M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的活力呈先升高后降低的趋势(P0.05);其中单宁酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于其他处理组(P0.05);而植酸酶活力在发酵p H值为5时达到最高值,显著高于发酵p H 4和7处理组(P0.05),但与发酵p H 6处理组差异不显著(P0.05)。通过菌落和菌株形态学以及分子测序方法,鉴定M-6为黑曲霉。因此,本研究从土壤中分离筛选出3株(M-6、M-3和M-1)能够同时水解单宁和植酸的降解菌,在液态发酵条件下,黑曲霉M-6产单宁酶和植酸酶的最佳发酵温度为30°C,最佳发酵p H值为5。