Prior infection with antigenically heterologous low pathogenic avian influenza viruses interferes with the lethality of the H5 highly pathogenic strain in domestic ducks

Low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs and HPAIVs, respectively) have been co-circulating in poultry populations in Asian, Middle Eastern, and African countries. In our avian-flu surveillance in Vietnamese domestic ducks, viral genes of LPAIV and HPAIV have been frequently detected in the same individual. To assess the influence of LPAIV on the pathogenicity of H5 HPAIV in domestic ducks, an experimental co-infection study was performed. One-week-old domestic ducks were inoculated intranasally and orally with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control) or 10⁶ EID₅₀ of LPAIVs (A/duck/Vietnam/LBM678/2014 (H6N6) or A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM694/2014 (H9N2)). Seven days later, these ducks were inoculated with HPAIV (A/Muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM808/2015 (H5N6)) in the same manner. The respective survival rates were 100% and 50% in ducks pre-infected with LBM694 or LBM678 strains and both higher than the survival of the control group (25%). The virus titers in oral/cloacal swabs of each LPAIV pre-inoculation group were significantly lower at 3–5 days post-HPAIV inoculation. Notably, almost no virus was detected in swabs from surviving individuals of the LBM678 pre-inoculation group. Antigenic cross-reactivity among the viruses was not observed in the neutralization test. These results suggest that pre-infection with LPAIV attenuates the pathogenicity of HPAIV in domestic ducks, which might be explained by innate and/or cell-mediated immunity induced by the initial infection with LPAIV.     

Dietary supplements of guanosine improve the growth,non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus Selenka,and its resistance against Vibrio splendidus

The growth response, non‐specific immune activities and disease resistance were measured in sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka (initial average weight 6.80 ± 0.10 g), when fed diets supplemented with graded levels of guanosine from the guanosine‐5’‐monophosphate disodium (GMP) at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg for 8 weeks. The results showed that GMP supplemented at 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg significantly enhanced the growth of sea cucumber. Sea cucumber fed a diet with 0.6 g/kg of GMP had significantly higher intracellular superoxide anion production, nitric oxide synthase activity, lysozyme activity and the total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) activity than those in control group (p < .05). Increased lysozyme activity and T‐SOD activity were also found in sea cucumber fed GMP at 1.2 g/kg. Moreover, there was significantly lower cumulative mortality after the disease challenge in sea cucumber fed the diets with 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP than that in control and 0.3 g/kg GMP groups (p < .05), and no significant difference was observed between 0.6 and 1.2 g/kg GMP groups. These results suggested that feeding GMP at a dose of 0.6 g/kg could enhance growth, non‐specific immunity of sea cucumber as well as its resistance against Vibrio splendidus.     

Effects of nucleotides on growth performance,immune response,disease resistance and intestinal morphology in shrimp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis> fed with a low fish meal diet

Nucleotides (NT) are widely used as an immunostimulant in aquaculture. A 10-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary NT on the growth performance, immune response, disease resistance and intestinal morphology of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (initial mean body weight: 0.39 ± 0.00 g). Five isolipidic (about 7 % crude lipid) and isonitrogenous (about 39 % crude protein) practical diets were supplemented with graded levels of NT (0, 60, 90, 120 and 1200 mg kg^?1), respectively. These diets were named as N1, N2, N3, N4 and N5. Each diet was randomly fed to six tanks of shrimps, and each tank contained 40 shrimps. The shrimps were fed four times daily (07:00, 11:00, 16:00 and 21:00 h). The results showed that there were no significant differences in survival, final weight, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and whole-body compositions among all the treatments (P > 0.05). Shrimps fed the control diet had the significantly lowest activities of superoxide dismutase, total nitric oxide synthase and lysozyme (P < 0.05). However, those parameters increased when dietary NT increased from 60 to 120 mg kg^?1 and decreased as inclusion level increased to 1200 mg kg^?1 (P < 0.05). The cumulative mortality of the shrimps challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus was significantly higher in the treatments without dietary NT supplementation than those in treatments with dietary NT (≥90 mg kg^?1) (P < 0.05). The jejunum wall thickness in shrimps fed the control diet was significantly lower than that in the treatments of N2, N3 and N4 (P < 0.05). For the villus height, the highest value (49.29 µm) was found in N3. In summary, the present study showed that 90 mg kg^?1 of dietary NT is the optimum dietary level for good gut health, immune response and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp fed a diet with 18 % fish meal.     

高效液相色谱法测定黄皮果实中的有机酸

为深入了解黄皮果实中有机酸,采用水浴超声提取果实中的有机酸、高效液相色谱法测定的方法,对12份黄皮种质果实中有机酸的组分及含量进行研究。结果表明:在色谱柱Venusil XBP C18(T)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)、流动相为0.01 mol/L(NH4)2HPO4(H3PO4调p H至2.7)、流速1 m L/min、柱温27℃、检测波长210 nm的条件下,黄皮果实中柠檬酸、草酸、乳酸、苹果酸、抗坏血酸、酒石酸得到良好分离,且测定精确灵敏、回收率高、重复性好,标准曲线相关系数为0.9975~0.9996,相对标准偏差为1.02%~1.84%,回收率为95.60%~101.78%。黄皮果实中有机酸以柠檬酸、草酸和苹果酸为主,乳酸在少部分种质中有测出,不同种质果实中柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸含量分别为0.780~8.090、0.773~4.205、0.478~3.212 mg/(g·FW),分别占总酸的22%~65%、16%~40%、11%~20%。     

转基因水稻恢复系及其F1代Bt蛋白的时空表达分析

本研究以抗虫水稻恢复系9311(Bt)及其杂交种F1(Bt)为研究材料,以非转基因的9311为阴性对照,利用ELISA方法研究9311(Bt)及F1(Bt)各生育时期可溶性总蛋白和Bt蛋白的时空变化规律,为转Bt基因抗虫水稻的安全监管提供科学依据。结果表明：外源基因的导入没有引起水稻组织中可溶性总蛋白含量的明显变化;9311(Bt)的Bt蛋白表达量在整个生长周期的各个部位均高于相应的F1(Bt)植株;同一植株不同组织器官中Bt蛋白表达量为：叶片跃胚乳跃颖壳及茎秆跃根;同一植株不同发育期叶片Bt蛋白的测定结果整体表现为：营养生长阶段跃生殖生长阶段跃成熟衰老阶段。研究结果为转Bt基因抗虫水稻适宜检测时期的选择提供了一定的参考。     

叶面肥对无土栽培樱桃番茄性状的影响及产量与植株性状的数学模型研究

为了探索樱桃番茄无土栽培在海南热带地区种植效果及植株产量效应,本研究通过增施不同量叶面肥,设计3种处理、3次重复随机试验,并对试验最佳效果的植株产量、株高和茎粗建立相关数学模型。结果表明,增施叶面肥较传统施肥有明显增产效果,平均增产2250 kg/hm²,增产20.2%。而樱桃番茄株高与产量、茎粗与产量具有显著相关性,其模型分别为Y_单株产量=(47.92060X_{株高-24.95763)² (P= 0.0114＜0.05)和Y单株产量=(61.885X茎粗-46.97988)² (P=0.0372＜0.05),符合植株生长趋势变化。因此,在海南开展樱桃番茄无土栽培是可行的,且可以通过调控来调节植株生长情况从而提高产量,增加经济效益。}     

3个新引进脐橙品种在桂林花芽分化的解剖学观察

本研究以Hutton脐橙、Navelate脐橙和石棉脐橙为试材,研究了它们的花芽分化特性.结果表明,Hutton脐橙、Navelate脐橙和石棉脐橙花芽分化顺序一致,均分为6个时期,包括末分化期、花芽分化始期、萼片原基、花瓣原基、雄蕊原基、雌蕊原基分化,花芽形态分化从11月开始至次年3月完成,历时5～6个月;不同品种花芽分化各阶段所持续的时间略有不同.石棉脐橙花芽分化进程总体上早于Hutton脐橙和Navelate脐橙,其次是Hutton脐橙,最迟是Navelate脐橙.同时,初步证明气温的降低也是脐橙花芽分化的必需条件.     

从地下的角度分析膜下滴灌棉花发生早衰的可能机制

在膜下滴灌条件下,棉花早衰问题严重。在对国内外关于棉花早衰研究成果及膜下滴灌条件特殊根区微环境深入分析的基础上,提出了膜下滴灌棉花早衰原因的合理假设,认为不合理的根系构型及其高蕾铃负荷是造成膜下滴灌棉花早衰的根本原因：膜下滴灌条件下棉花根系生长和构型分布发生的明显变化不利于棉花根系吸收土壤深层的水分和养分,抗逆性减弱,对环境的改变无法做出及时的反应,加之覆膜增温及优越的水肥供应,棉花地上部生长良好,蕾铃负担增加,一旦遇到逆境条件,在高蕾铃负荷前提下,即使对根系养分吸收功能最轻微的损害或者暂时的养分供应短缺均有可能造成对地上部养分供应的不足并发生早衰。因此,如何通过调控构建与地上部生长更为匹配的、构型分布更加合理的、抗逆性更强的棉花根系就成为解决膜下滴灌棉花早衰问题的关键。