Response of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) under different levels of irrigation on deep sandy soils

The growth and herbage and oil production of East Indian lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) in response to different levels of irrigation water (IW) [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 times cumulative pan evaporation (CPE)] were evaluated on deep sandy soils at the research farm of the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, from 1991 to 1993. In general, an increment in the level of irrigation increased the plant height up to 0.7 IW:CPE ratio. The response of irrigation levels on tiller production of lemongrass differed with the season of harvest. Maximum tillers/clump during the 2nd, 3rd, 6th and 7th harvests were in response to irrigation levels 0.9, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.7 IW:CPE ratio, respectively. Oil content had an inverse relationship with the levels of irrigation, specially during the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 6th harvests. Significantly higher herb and essential oil yields were recorded at 0.7 IW:CPE ratio, irrespective of season of harvest. The maximum total herb (22.79 t/ha in first year and 33.11 t/ha in second year) and oil (146.2 l/ha in the first year and 205.3 l/ha in the second year) yields were recorded at 0.7 IW:CPE ratio. The quality of oil with respect to the major chemical constituents (Citral-a, Citral-b and geraniol) was not changed. At the optimum level of irrigation (0.7 IW:CPE ratio) the water used by lemongrass was 118.2 cm for first year and 123.8 cm for the second year. Water-use efficiency was found to be higher (1.66 l oil/ha-cm) in the second year than the first year (1.23 l oil/ha-cm). For optimum yield potential of lemongrass on deep sandy soils of sub-tropical climate, the crop received 17 irrigations in the first year and 14 irrigations in the second year of harvests. Irrigations were made during the dry winter and summer months. Received: 15 April 1999     

Evaluation of solid-phase chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and latex agglutination tests for screening toxoplasma IgG in samples obtained from cats and pigs.

Serum samples from cats and pigs were analyzed by the solid-phase chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (SPCEI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and indirect latex agglutination (ILA) methods. The SPCEI and ILA methods accurately analyzed Toxoplasma IgG (T-IgG) in both clinical and spiked samples from pigs and cats. The ELISA method accurately analyzed T-IgG in spiked samples from cats and pigs or clinical samples from pigs, but it did not accurately analyze T-IgG in clinical samples from cats. The antibody used in the ELISA kit did not cross-react with cat T-IgG. The SPCEI method that uses a stand-alone automated analyzer provided quantitative analysis, whereas the ELISA and ILA methods provided qualitative or, at best, semiquantitative analysis of T-IgG. The SPCEI and ELISA methods were rapid (60-90 minutes for 30 samples), whereas the ILA method required 13-15 hours for 30 samples. Although the three methods accurately distinguished positive from negative samples, the ILA method yielded many weakly positive results that were not confirmed by either the ELISA or SPCEI method. Thus, the indirect agglutination tests may give nonspecific responses at lower T-IgG concentrations.     

Genotypic basis of response to saliniity stress in some crosses of spring wheat Triticum aestivum L.

Wheat genotypes HD 2009, WH 157 and Kh 375 and their six F₁ crosses were evaluated for grain yield, biological yield and 1,000 grain weight under four levels of salinity (ECe 2.1, 6.2, 8.5 and 10.6 dS m^-1) in lysimeter type microplots. Parents Kh 375, WH 157 and HD 2009 were tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive to salinity, respectively. Reciprocal differences for salinity tolerance occurred for grain yield and 1,000 grain weight. The sensitive parent response was partially dominant whereas the salinity tolerant parent showed partial dominance for yield potential. Salinity tolerance and yield potential appeared to be controlled by different gene complexes. The cross Kh 375 × HD 2009 should provide transgressive segregants combining high yield potential with high salt tolerance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of Raw Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme with Conventional Liquefaction and Saccharification Enzymes in Dry‐Grind Corn Processing

In a conventional dry‐grind corn process, starch is converted into dextrins using liquefaction enzymes at high temperatures (90–120°C) during a liquefaction step. Dextrins are hydrolyzed into sugars using saccharification enzymes during a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) step. Recently, a raw starch hydrolyzing enzyme (RSH), Stargen 001, was developed that converts starch into dextrins at low temperatures (<48°C) and hydrolyzes dextrins into sugars during SSF. In this study, a dry‐grind corn process using RSH enzyme was compared with two combinations (DG1 and DG2) of commercial liquefaction and saccharification enzymes. Dry‐grind corn processes for all enzyme treatments were performed at the same process conditions except for the liquefaction step. For RSH and DG1 and DG2 treatments, ethanol concentrations at 72 hr of fermentation were 14.1–14.2% (v/v). All three enzyme treatments resulted in comparable ethanol conversion efficiencies, ethanol yields, and DDGS yields. Sugar profiles for the RSH treatment were different from DG1 and DG2 treatments, especially for glucose. During SSF, the highest glucose concentration for RSH treatment was 7% (w/v), whereas for DG1 and DG2 treatments, glucose concentrations had maximum of 19% (w/v). Glycerol concentrations were 0.5% (w/v) for RSH treatment and 0.8% (w/v) for DG1 and DG2 treatments.     

Comparison of Modified Dry‐Grind Corn Processes for Fermentation Characteristics and DDGS Composition

Three different modified dry‐grind corn processes, quick germ (QG), quick germ and quick fiber (QGQF), and enzymatic milling (E‐Mill) were compared with the conventional dry‐grind corn process for fermentation characteristics and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) composition. Significant effects were observed on fermentation characteristics and DDGS composition with these modified dry‐grind processes. The QG, QGQF, and E‐Mill processes increased ethanol concentration by 8–27% relative to the conventional dry‐grind process. These process modifications reduced the fiber content of DDGS from 11 to 2% and increased the protein content of DDGS from 28 to 58%.     

Separation of Fiber from Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Using Sieving and Elutriation

A process was developed to separate fiber from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in a dry‐grind corn process. Separation of fiber from DDGS would provide two valuable coproducts: 1) DDGS with reduced fiber, increased fat, and increased protein contents; and 2) fiber. The process, called elusieve process, used two separation methods, sieving and elutriation, to separate the fiber. Material carried by air to the top of the elutriation column was called the lighter fraction and material that settled to the bottom of the column was called the heavier fraction. We evaluated the compositions of fractions produced from sieving and elutriation. Two commercial samples of DDGS were obtained from two dry‐grind corn plants. Sieving over four screens (869, 582, 447, and 234 μm openings) created five size categories. The two smallest size categories contained >40% (w/w) of the original DDGS and had reduced fiber and increased protein and fat contents relative to the original DDGS. Elutriation of the remaining three size categories increased protein and fat contents and reduced fiber contents in the heavier fractions. Elutriation at air velocities of 1.59–5.24 m/sec increased the protein content of the heavier fraction by 13–41% and increased the fat content of the heavier fraction by 4–127% compared with the bulk fractions of each size category. This process was effective in separating fiber from both DDGS samples evaluated. Elusieve process does not require changes in the existing dry‐grind process and can be implemented at the end of the dry‐grind process.     

Comparison of Enzymatic (E‐Mill) and Conventional Dry‐Grind Corn Processes Using a Granular Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme

A new low temperature liquefaction and saccharification enzyme STARGEN 001 (Genencor International, Palo Alto, CA) with high granular starch hydrolyzing activity was used in enzymatic dry‐grind corn process to improve recovery of germ and pericarp fiber before fermentation. Enzymatic dry‐grind corn process was compared with conventional dry‐grind corn process using STARGEN 001 with same process parameters of dry solid content, pH, temperature, enzyme and yeast usage, and time. Sugar, ethanol, glycerol and organic acid profiles, fermentation rate, ethanol and coproducts yields were investigated. Final ethanol concentration of enzymatic dry‐grind corn process was 15.5 ± 0.2% (v/v), which was 9.2% higher than conventional process. Fermentation rate was also higher for enzymatic dry‐grind corn process. Ethanol yields of enzymatic and conventional dry‐grind corn processes were 0.395 ± 0.006 and 0.417 ± 0.002 L/kg (2.65 ± 0.04 and 2.80 ± 0.01 gal/bu), respectively. Three additional coproducts, germ 8.0 ± 0.4% (db), pericarp fiber 7.7 ± 0.4% (db), and endosperm fiber 5.2 ± 0.6% (db) were produced in addition to DDGS with enzymatic dry‐grind corn process. DDGS generated from enzymatic dry‐grind corn process was 66% less than conventional process.     

Seed mucilage from Ipomoea dasysperma

A non-ionic water-soluble galactomannan, having galactose and mannose in 1:6 molar ratio, was isolated from endosperm of the seeds of Ipomoea dasysperma. The seed mucilage was found to have a structure having a linear chain of beta (1-->4) linked mannopyranosyl units with D-galactose side chains attached through alpha (1-->6) linkage to the main chain. I. dasysperma seed gum possesses non-ionic characteristics of commercial seed gums and has potential to be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Anti-anaphylactic effect of Euphorbia hirta

The Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract (EH A001) was found to possess a prominent anti-anaphylactic activity. A preventive effect of EH-A001 given by oral route at dose from 100 to 1000 mg/kg was observed against compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis. At the same range of dose, EH-A001 inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rat and active paw anaphylaxis in mice. A suppressive effect of EH-A001 was observed on the release of TNF-alpha and IL-6 from anti-DNP-HSA activated rat peritoneal mast cells.     

Dry‐Grind Processing of Corn with Endogenous Liquefaction Enzymes

An amylase corn has been developed that produces an α‐amylase enzyme that is activated in the presence of water at elevated temperatures (>70°C). Amylase corn in the dry‐grind process was evaluated and compared with the performance of exogenous amylases used in dry‐grind processing. Amylase corn (1–10% by weight) was added to dent corn (of the same genetic background as the amylase corn) as treatments and resulting samples were evaluated for dry‐grind ethanol fermentation using 150‐g and 3‐kg laboratory procedures. Ethanol concentrations during fermentation were compared with the control treatment (0% amylase corn addition or 100% dent corn) which was processed with a conventional amount of exogenous α‐amylase enzymes used in the dry‐grind corn process. The 1% amylase corn treatment (adding 1% amylase corn to dent corn) was sufficient to liquefy starch into dextrins. Following fermentation, ethanol concentrations from the 1% amylase corn treatment were similar to that of the control. Peak and breakdown viscosities of liquefied slurries for all amylase corn treatments were significantly higher than the control treatment. In contrast, final viscosities of liquefied slurries for all amylase corn treatments were lower than those of the control. Protein, fat, ash, and crude fiber contents of DDGS samples from the 3% amylase corn treatment and control were similar.