中职《机械制图》教学思考

中职学校《机械制图》课程教学应“以培养学生能力为主线、突出重点、强调必需、实用、够用、为专业服务”的原则,以能力为标准、就业为导向使理论教学与实践教学有机结合,改变传统的教学方法使之与现代教育技术应用互相渗透与融合,提高课堂教学的有效性.     

Effect of mitochondrial uncoupling and glycolysis inhibition on ram sperm functionality

Studies have demonstrated the importance of mitochondria to sperm functionality, as the main source of ATP for cellular homoeostasis and motility. However, the role of mitochondria on sperm metabolism is still controversial. Studies indicate that, for some species, glycolysis may be the main mechanism for sperm energy production. For ram sperm, such pathway is not clear. Thus, we evaluated ram sperm in response to mitochondrial uncoupling and glycolysis inhibition aiming to assess the importance of each pathway for sperm functionality. Statistical analysis was performed by the SAS System for Windows, using the General Linear Model Procedure. Data were tested for residue normality and variance homogeneity. A p < .05 was considered significant. Groups treated with the mitochondrial uncoupler Carbonyl cyanide 3 chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) showed a decrease in the percentage of cells with low mitochondrial activity and high mitochondrial membrane potential. We also observed that the highest CCCP concentration promotes a decrease in sperm susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Regardless the lack of effect of CCCP on total motility, this substance induced significant alterations on sperm kinetics. Besides the interference of CCCP on spermatic movement patterns, it was also possible to observe such an effect in samples treated with the inhibitor of glycolysis (2‐deoxy‐d ‐glucose, DOG). Furthermore, treatment with DOG also led to a dose‐dependent increase in sperm susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. Based on our results, we suggest that the glycolysis appears to be as important as oxidative phosphorylation for ovine sperm kinetics as this mechanism is capable of maintaining full motility when most of the cells have a low mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we found that changes in the glycolytic pathway trough glycolysis inhibition are likely involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and sperm oxidative unbalance.     

花生膜联蛋白基因AhAnn1的克隆与表达分析

为挖掘花生抗逆境胁迫相关基因,克隆抗逆相关膜联蛋白Annexin基因,以花生品种花育25号为试验材料,从已知抑制消减杂交文库中获得花生膜联蛋白Annexin类似基因片段,通过RACE技术获得Annexin基因5'-RACE片段。对5'-RACE序列和抑制消减杂交文库中已知基因片段进行拼接,设计特异引物通过逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增得到该基因,命名为AhAnn1。结果表明,AhAnn1全长为1 277 bp,开放阅读框为951 bp。根据编码区预测AhAnn1编码一条316个氨基酸组成的多肽,预测分子量为36.10 k Da,等电点为7.07。预测该基因编码的蛋白含有膜联蛋白Annexin保守结构域,定位于细胞质中。蛋白序列多重比对和系统发育分析表明,花生与大豆、苜蓿、鹰嘴豆等豆科植物中的膜联蛋白相似性最高,亲缘关系最近。荧光实时定量PCR结果显示,AhAnn1在根系和叶片中的表达量随干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加。由此推测AhAnn1是一种干旱胁迫应答基因,在花生逆境调控中发挥作用。结果为进一步研究花生AhAnn1基因的功能和花生抗逆境胁迫相关分子机理提供了理论基础。     

The Oxidative Stress,Antioxidant Profile and Acid–base Status in Preterm and Term Canine Neonates

During the initiation of neonatal pulmonary respiration, there is an exponential increase in reactive oxygen species that must be scavenged by antioxidant defences. However, neonate and preterm newborns are known to possess immature antioxidant mechanisms to neutralize these toxic effects. The purposes of this study were to compare the development of antioxidant system between preterm and term canine neonates and to evaluate the magnitude of acid–base balance during the initial 4 h of life. A prospective study was conducted involving 18 neonatal puppies assigned to Term Group (63 days of gestation; n = 5), Preterm‐57 Group (57 days of gestation; n = 8) and Preterm‐55 Group (55 days of gestation; n = 5). Neonates were physically examined through Apgar score and venous haemogasometry within 5 min, 2 and 4 h after birth. No difference on amniotic fluid and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the marker of oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; TBARS) was verified. Irrespective of prematurity, all neonates presented low vitality, hypothermia, acidosis, hypoxaemia and hypercapnia at birth. However, term puppies clinically evolved more rapidly than preterm newborns. During the course of the study, premature neonates presented more severe complications, such as prolonged hypoxaemia and even death. In conclusion, premature puppies have no signs of immature enzymatic mechanisms for controlling oxidative stress, although SOD and GPx may participate in achieving acid–base balance. Aside from initial unremarkable symptoms, premature puppies should be carefully followed up, as they are at high risk of succumbing to odds of prematurity.     

黄河三角洲盐碱地花生高产最佳播种期探究

2019年4−9月在黄河三角洲盐碱地代表区内开展直播覆膜花生分期播种对比试验,以研究区常年稳定通过15℃初日为播期对照处理,利用方差分析、卡方检验等方法,对6个播期处理的花生发育进程、生长量及产量因素等进行差异性分析,通过计算气候保证率的方法筛选最佳播期。结果表明,花生发育期时长随播期推迟而缩短,播期过早时苗期气温偏低会导致出苗率低进而影响产量,播期过迟时苗期易遇高温天气造成旺苗或灼苗同时出现开花−下针期缩短,进而使苗株和荚果数减少,影响产量形成,而适期播种避免了早播或迟播的不利因素,加之荚果成熟期饱果时间长,利于产量积累提升;过迟播种的花生易发生前期旺长后期早衰的现象,而适期播种的花生生长量分配均衡协调,更利于干物质从“源”到“库”的转移,从而增加荚果重量;过早或过晚播种的花生均较对照减产10%以上,而适期播种处理的花生产量和百粒重均明显优于其它播期;试验年的适宜播期处于日均气温稳定通过13～20℃初日期间,多年适宜播期一般为4月26日−5月9日,最佳播期为5月2−5日,此期内播种温度条件稳定充足,可有效发挥盐碱地花生高产潜力。     

不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育及其对干旱胁迫的响应

为明确不同抗旱性花生品种的根系形态发育特征,探讨其根系形态发育特征对不同土壤水分状况的响应机制,在防雨棚旱池内进行土柱栽培试验,研究抗旱型品种"花育22号"、"唐科8号"和干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"3个不同抗旱性花生品种根系形态发育特征及其对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明:抗旱型品种根系较发达,具有较大的根系生物量、总根长、总根系表面积。干旱胁迫使抗旱型品种根系总表面积和体积增加,而干旱敏感型品种则相反。干旱胁迫显著增加抗旱型品种"花育22号"20 cm以下土层内根长密度分布比例及根系表面积和体积,但"唐科8号" 相应根系性状仅在20-40 cm土层内增加;干旱胁迫使干旱敏感型品种"花育23号"40 cm以下土层内各根系性状升高,但未达显著水平且其深层土壤内各根系性状增加幅度小于"花育22号"。花生根系总长、总表面积及0-20 cm土层内根系性状与产量间呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤水分亏缺条件下,花生主要通过增加深层土壤内根长、根系表面积和体积等形态特性,优化空间分布构型,以调节植株对水分的利用。     

重庆市植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量评价

对重庆市14个县(区)的334个植烟土壤样品的有效态微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B和Mo的含量状况和分布特征进行分析,结果表明,重庆市20%以上植烟土壤缺Mo、Zn,75%以上土壤缺B,有效铁、锰含量较丰富,有效铜极丰富。有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量均与土壤pH值呈负相关关系,有效钼含量与土壤pH值呈正相关关系,有效硼含量在pH<7.0时随pH的增加而增加,但在pH>7.0时含量下降。植烟土壤中有效铁和有效铜含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系,而有效锰、硼和钼与有机质无明显相关性。     

玉米产量相关性状Meta-QTL及候选基因分析

借助IBM2 2008 Neighbors高密度玉米遗传图谱整合了1994—2012年文献发表的玉米产量性状(穗行数、行粒数、粒重)584个QTL。采用元分析方法,确定了22个穗行数、7个行粒数和44个粒重Meta-QTL。根据B73基因组序列进行产量相关基因的重定位,在Meta-QTL区段内分别获得10个玉米产量基因和12个与水稻7个产量基因同源的候选基因,分别位于玉米染色体Bins 1.04、1.06、1.07、2.04、2.06、3.04、4.05、4.07、4.09、5.03、5.04、5.05、7.02、8.03、9.03、10.06和10.07。玉米产量性状Meta-QTL及相关候选基因分析可以为分子标记辅助育种和基因克隆提供有用的信息。     

晋西黄土区典型森林植被耗水规律与环境因子关系研究

森林植被耗水规律是森林植被对水文过程影响机理研究的基础与核心。以典型黄土区山西省吉县蔡家川流域为研究区域,依托国家级森林生态系统定位观测站,对研究区典型森林蒸散耗水及其环境因子进行定量监测,定量分析蒸腾、蒸发等各蒸散的强度与环境因子的关系,分析研究区典型森林植被结构对植被耗水特征的影响。土壤蒸发实验运用称重法,树木蒸腾实验采用热扩散式茎流计法,并结合环境因子调查,对观测结果进行研究分析, 结果表明:土壤的蒸发量与地表植被状况以及土壤温度有关;树木蒸腾耗水与土壤含水量、降雨量、冠幅、树龄的线性关系显著。综合分析可知,影响森林耗水最直接的因素就是土壤水分的变化,若土壤含水量较小,则森林植被首先满足自身对水分的需求。在造林时,可以根据不同苗木的水分需求以及当地的土壤水分含量对林木种类进行选取,可以有效减少当地森林水分的消耗。      

克瑞森无核葡萄在烟台地区的表现及优质丰产栽培技术

克瑞森无核葡萄在烟台地区表现为晚熟、色美、肉脆、口感极佳。10月下旬果实成熟,成熟果实挂树时间长,不掉粒,风味良好,采收期可延至11月下旬,果实耐运输。栽培中要注意合理控制树势和负载量,冬季要适当防寒。