Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. var. atroseptica (Hellmers et Dowson) Dye. Seed Tuber Infection Versus Symptom Expression in the Field1

Based on the time that symptoms of blackleg become evident in the field and the various ways of inoculation, it is concluded that the spread of symptom expression is due to the depth at which the bacteria penetrate into the interior of the tubers. Moreover, it is demonstrated that it is not the closed lenticels which prevent penetration, but the absence of a waterfilm in the intercellular spaces of the tuber tissue.     

Experience of Ring Rot Caused by Corynebacterium sepedonicum(Spieck. et Kotth.) Skapt. et Burkh. in Sweden. Particularly Detection of the Disease in its Latent Form)1

As it is difficult to detect ring rot in its latent form as well as in badly decayed tubers and in potato haulm, a diagnostic technique has been developed. With the help of a Turmix blender and a little water, a suspension is made of the suspected material. The suspension is inoculated into eggplants. Gram-staining of bacteria in sap from petioles of leaves showing symptoms is used to confirm the diagnosis. Some results obtained with this method applied on potatoes and potato haulm are described.     

Chemotaxonomy of Compositae related to their host suitability for Pratylenchus penetrans

Experimental work and a survey of literature gave data on the effects of 175 Compositate on populations ofPratylenchus penetrans in the soil. Nearly 70 Compositae effectively suppress populations ofP. penetrans. It is shown that a close relationship exists between this suppressing feature and the chemotaxonomy of the Compositae.Samenvatting Eigen onderzoek aangevuld met gegevens uit de literatuur gaf informatie over de invloed van 175 Composieten op populaties vanPratylenchus penetrans in de grond. Bijna 70 soorten verlaagden deze dichtheden (Tabel 1). Het betreft soorten van de geslachtenGrindelia, Solidago, Coreopsis, Eclipta, Rudbeckia, Verbesina, Melampodium, Parthenium, Iva, Ambrosia, Milleria, Baeria, Schkuhria, Eriophyllum, Chaenactis, Helenium, Gaillardia, Tagetes, Arctotis, Gazania, Berkheya, Didelta, Echinops enUrospermum. Er is een duidelijk verband tussen de taxonomische indeling van Composieten en deze eigenschap. Bijna alle getoetste soorten van de subtribus Ambrosiinae, Heleniinae, Arctotinae, Gorteriinae en Echinopinae reduceerden populaties vanP. penetrans. In sommige geslachten zoalsSolidago, Coreopsis, Rudbeckia enMelampodium veroorzaakten slechts een of enkele getoetste soorten dit effect.Van de 16 Composieten, waarvan bekend is dat zij -terthienyl in hun wortels bevatten, verlaagden er 15 dichtheden vanPratylenchus. Vrijwel hetzelfde geldt voor Composieten met 5-(3-buteen-1-ynyl)-2,2-bithienyl in hun wortels (Tabel 1). Ook de aanwezigheid in een aantal andere Composieten van een groep rode dithio-acetyleen-verbindingen met waarschijnlijk nematicide eigenschappen in vitro, komt goed overeen met de eigenschap om dichtheden vanP. penetrans in de grond te verminderen.     

Connaissances récentes concernant la faune des pruneaux dans les stockages traditionnels

L'étude faunistique des ravageurs des pruneaux stockés a permis de faire l'inventaire des différentes espèces présentes et d'établir une évaluation quantitative de leurs populations à partir de 2 méthodes de prélévement (piégeage, tri d'échantillons).
Par ordre d'importance on peut citer: les acariens: Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Glycyphagidae), les coléopteres: Carpophilus ligneus Murr., C. hemipterus L. (Nitidulidae) et Henoticus californicus Mann. (Cryptophagidae) et les lépidopteres Nemapogon granella L. (Tineidae), Plodia interpunctella Hübn. (Pyralidae).
Les ravageurs primaires s'attaquent aux pruneaux sains: ils sont responsables des principaux dégáts et comprennent Carpophilus ligneus, C. hemipterus et N. granella . L'autre groupe est formé des ravageurs secondaires, qui s'installent sur des pruneaux déjá attaqués par des insectes ou des micro-organismes. On trouve dans cette catégorie Carpoglyphus lactis et H. calilornicus .
Les conditions optimales au développement de ces insectes et de ces acariens sont réunies, lorsque la teneur en eau de la pulpe du pruneau est égale ou supérieure à 20 %, la température ambiante clans l'entrepôt supérieure à 15°C et l'hygrometrie relative variant suivant Ies espéces entre 50 et 85 %.     

Biology of the Gaeumannomyces graminis Arx & Olivier/Phialophora radicicola Cain Complex on Roots of the Gramineae

Biological characteristics of the varieties of Gaeumannomyces graminis Arx & Olivier and Phialophora radicicola Cain are reviewed. They include: 1) pathogenicity to roots of cereals; 2) growth on living stem tissues; 3) type of fungal growth-cessation structure formed on or in the host. Together, these provide a simple means of characterizing isolates and standard methods for assessing them are presented.
The role of pigmented cells and tissues (growth-cessation structures) in host penetration is questioned, since they are seldom associated with a progressive infection by G. graminis or P. radicicola . However, they are a taxonomic aid, especially as they are now known to form on cellophane overlying agar.
New evidence is presented on factors affecting conidiation by these fungi. Flooding colonies with distilled water induced formation of conidia by G. graminis var. tritici Walker, P. radicicola var. radicicola (British isolates but not the type) and P. radicicola var. graminicola Deacon, whereas none formed on corresponding unflooded agar plates. Conidia were usually much larger and germinated readily when they formed in response to flooding; many of these fungi therefore have 2 conidial types, distinct in both morphology and behaviour. Preliminary results suggest that biotin and the form of nitrogen also affect the type of conidium formed by P. radicicola var. radicicola .     

Method of colostomy and cannulation of the chicken

1. A procedure for colostomising birds from 3 weeks to 5 months of age is described.

2. A plastic cannula was inserted into the fistula 10 d after surgery to keep it open.

3. Provided that the cannula was changed regularly at 10‐d intervals there was no constipation or dilation of the intestine.     

The hen's egg: Shell cracking at impact on a heavy,stiff body and factors that affect it

1. Eggs from hens of three strains were dropped on to a heavy, stiff, smooth, plane body with impact at the equator of the shell; the height of drop, h_c, just sufficient to produce shell failure was measured and the corresponding impact velocity, v_c, calculated.

2. A small but commercially important percentage of the well‐formed eggs of one strain cracked when h_c was as low as 3–3 mm and v_c 250 mm/s.

3. Characteristics of the egg found to affect h_c and v_c included the overall thickness of its shell, thickness of its weak inner shell layer and average shell curvature, all measured at the point of impact, and its weight; its age also had a small effect (additional to that mediated through loss of weight); so did the degree of shell ridging.

4. No effect of shell colour was found.

5. Shell damage was typically a single hair‐crack that ran either round the equator or towards a pole.     

Agammaglobulinemia in a horse with evidence of functional T lymphocytes.

Agammaglobulinemia was diagnosed in a 1-year-old Thoroughbred horse on the basis of the following observations: (1) absence of serum immunoglobulins M, A, and G(T); (2) small amounts of serum immunoglobulin G (16 mg/100 ml); (3) absence of specific antibody in the serum of the horse following immunization and challenge exposure to 2 antigens; (4) absence of plasma cells, primary follicles, and germinal centers in a lymph node removed after antigenic stimulation; (5) absence of "natural" serum antibodies to rabbit-erythrocytes which were easily detectable in age-matched control horse serums; and (6) increased susceptibility to infections. There was evidence of functional cell-mediated immunity which included a skin response to injected phytolectins, skin response to antigen challenge following sensitization, and in vitro proliferative response of lymph node cells to phytohemagglutinin. An intact cell-mediated immune response was also supported by the observation that the horse lived to 17 months of age without antibody production, whereas horses with an absence of both antibody production and cell-mediated immunity (combined immunodeficiency) die by 4 months of age without immunologic intervention. The known features of agammaglobulinemia in this horse are similar to those in sex-linked agammaglobulinemia in persons and are unique among the immunodeficiences described in other animals.     

The substitution of lysine supplemented high protein wheat for protein feeds during the rearing and laying periods of hens. 8. Nitrogen excretion and true amino acid digestibility as an effect of various lysine levels and successive laying periods]

Digestibility trials were performed with laying hens receiving 3 types of rations containing equal proportions of the same dietary components. The percentage of high-protein wheat in these rations was 74%. Ration I was supplemented with 0.12% lysine while 0.06% lysine was added to ration II; ration III remained unsupplemented. The crude protein content of rations 1 to 3 was 16.1%, 16.5% and 16.6%, respectively. The corresponding lysine percentages were 0.66, 0.62 and 0.56. Studies were made to investigate the influence of different lysine levels on the rate of N excretion and various amino acid data. These studies were carried out during two successive laying periods. Only random differences between the data for urinary N excretion and N balances per kg liveweight were obtained in the two laying periods and for the different lysine levels. The true lysine digestibility was significantly lower in the poor-lysine ration as compared with the ration with 0.66% lysine. Moreover, the absorptive capacity for thio-amino acids is influenced by the lysine level of the ration. The proportion of lysine contained in faecal crude protein increased with the decreasing lysine content of the ration. Similarly, the total number of amino acids present in faecal crude protein increased with the declining supply of lysine. These findings suggest that relatively more NPN compounds are excreted in the faeces if adequate amounts of amino acids are supplied rather than when one amino acid is deficient.