转基因技术在畜牧兽医中的发展前景

通过简要叙述转基因动物研究的发展简史、研究现状和存在问题 ,对转基因动物育种、药物生物反应器、组织器官移植 ,以及基因治疗和免疫等前景进行了综述。在此基础上 ,从畜牧兽医角度出发提出了追踪发展趋势的几点思考。     

青海省门源县石头沟地区牛羊胃肠线虫病的调查

石头沟地区放牧的牛羊每年一到秋末或冬季便出现消瘦、贫血、浮肿、被毛脆弱,容易脱落。为此笔者进行调查,走访14户农户,采集了58头牛羊粪便。结果表明,牛羊的胃肠线虫种类很多,往往混合感染,对牛羊危害极大。结果检查出牛羊的线虫感染率为39.01%。     

Quantification of surgical blood loss

OBJECTIVE: To compare gravimetric and colorimetric methods of quantifying surgical blood loss, and to determine if there is a correlation between preoperative hemostatic tests (buccal mucosa bleeding time [BMBT] and intraoperative blood loss). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Dogs (n=15) admitted for cutaneous tumor excision, orthopedic procedure, or exploratory laparotomy. METHODS: Intraoperative blood loss was quantified by measuring irrigation fluid and weighing surgical sponges used for blood and fluid collection during surgery. Results of gravimetric measurements were then correlated to blood loss quantified using spectrophotometric analysis of hemoglobin (Hb) content. Hemostatic variables including BMBT were measured before surgery and compared with the calculated amount of blood loss. RESULTS: Blood loss quantified by gravimetric measurement showed a significant correlation with colorimetric determination of Hb content in surgical sponges and collected irrigation fluid (r=0.93, P<.0001). BMBT correlated weakly but significantly with intraoperative blood loss (r=0.56, P<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Quantifying intraoperative blood loss using spectrophotometric Hb analysis accurately assessed the amount of blood loss; however, it is a time-consuming procedure, primarily applicable as a research tool. Gravimetric evaluation of intraoperative blood loss was found to be an accurate method, which can be recommended for use in a clinical setting. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Estimation of blood loss using a gravimetric method is accurate and applicable in the clinical setting and provides surgeons with a simple and objective tool to evaluate intraoperative blood loss.     

成年盘羊血液生理生化指标的测定

为了解和掌握盘羊的血液生理生化指标,利用动物全自动血细胞分析仪和半自动生化分析仪对6只盘羊的血液生理生化指标进行了测定,并与同等条件下饲养的家养绵羊的测定结果进行了比较。结果显示,盘羊的淋巴细胞比率、红细胞总数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、红细胞平均体积、谷丙转氨酶、钙、钾、钠的含量显著高于家养绵羊,差异极显著(P0.01);淋巴细胞、红细胞分布宽度SD、血小板分布宽度、血糖高于家养绵羊,差异显著(P0.05);粒细胞、粒细胞比率、中间细胞、中间细胞比率、直接胆红素、氯的含量显著低于家养绵羊,差异极显著(P0.01);总胆红素的含量低于家养绵羊,差异显著(P0.05)。本试验的测定结果反映了盘羊的生理机能特性,初步建立了盘羊的血液生理生化指标的参考值,为今后加强盘羊的饲养管理、疾病诊断及杂交繁育研究提供了参考依据。     

反刍动物的小肽吸收机制及营养作用

单胃动物以游离氨基酸(Free Amino acids,FAA)吸收为主,而反刍动物则以小肽(Small Peptides,SP)吸收为主.反刍动物吸收的小肽主要是由2个或3个氨基酸残基连接在一起的二肽或三肽.小肽可提高动物对蛋白质的利用率、改善动物产品品质,从而更好地发挥动物生产潜能.文章就反刍动物小肽吸收机制、营养作用及吸收的影响因素进行了综述.     

蜂花粉中脂类对蜜蜂的作用

蜂花粉是蜜蜂主要的饲粮来源,对蜜蜂具有重要的营养作用。蜂花粉中脂肪酸、甾醇等脂类物质丰富,对蜜蜂采食、抗菌、寿命等均有影响。本文对蜂花粉中的脂类进行了分析,并就脂类对蜜蜂的营养、诱食和抗菌等作用,以及蜜蜂对脂类的营养需要进行阐述。     

The Relationship Between Body Weight,Body Condition,and Survival in Cats with Heart Failure

Background: Obese people with heart failure have improved survival compared with their normal or underweight counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between body weight or body condition and survival in cats with heart failure. Hypothesis: Body weight and body condition score (BCS) are predictors of survival in cats with heart failure. Animals: One‐hundred and one cats with heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council Classes II, IIIa, or IIIb) evaluated between March 2007 and June 2009. Methods: Data regarding initial body weight and BCS, subsequent changes in body weight, and treatment were collected from records and compared with survival times. Results: Median initial body weight was 5.1 kg (range, 2.2–9.5 kg). Median BCS was 5 (range, 3–9). Of the 68 cats that were discharged from the hospital, median body weight change was 0.0 kg (range, ?2.6 to +2.3 kg). Survival time for all 101 cats was 93 days (0–811 days). Survival could be predicted using a model combining initial body weight (P= .02), body weight squared (P= .02), and survival to discharge (P < .001) with a resulting global P value for this model of P < .0001. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cats with the lowest and highest body weights had reduced survival times compared with those with body weights in the intermediate ranges, suggesting a U‐shaped relationship between body weight and survival. Additional research into the effects of body composition could help to determine optimal management of cats with heart failure.     

黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物数量和代谢产物的影响

旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的黑水虻幼虫粉对育肥猪盲肠食糜主要微生物数量和代谢产物的影响。本试验选取72头130日龄、健康且初始体重相近（（76.0±0.56）kg）的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,随机分为3个处理组,每组8个重复,每个重复3头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂含有4%（4%组）和8%（8%组）的黑水虻幼虫粉,通过调整日粮配方,3组日粮的蛋白含量和代谢能一致。于正式试验的第42天,每个重复选取1头体重接近平均体重的猪进行屠宰,取盲肠食糜用于相关指标的测定。结果表明：1）与对照组相比,日粮添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了盲肠食糜Bifidobacterium、Lactobacillus、Prevotella、Clostridium cluster IV和Roseburia的数量（P<0.05）,而降低了Escherichia coli的数量（P<0.05）;日粮添加8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了Prevotella和Bifidobacterium的数量（P<0.05）。2）与对照组相比,日粮添加4%和8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著增加了盲肠食糜中乳酸、总短链脂肪酸和乙酸的浓度（P<0.05）,同时,日粮添加8%黑水虻幼虫粉还降低了戊酸的浓度（P<0.05）;对于氮代谢产物而言,与对照组相比,日粮添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了盲肠食糜中总生物胺、尸胺、腐胺、精胺、对甲酚和苯酚的浓度（P<0.05）,而日粮添加8%的黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了尸胺和苯酚的浓度（P<0.05）。综上所述,本试验条件下,在日粮中添加4%的黑水虻幼虫粉可增加育肥猪盲肠食糜中部分有益微生物的数量和有益代谢物的浓度,降低潜在致病菌的数量和氮代谢化合物的浓度,表明一定比例的黑水虻幼虫粉可作为优质的蛋白质饲料原料应用于养猪生产中。     

A preliminary study of dietary protein requirement of juvenile marbled flounder (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein level for juvenile marbled flounder. Five semi-purified test diets were formulated to contain different protein levels (CP) including 42.7%, 47.4%, 53.3%, 58.8%, and 64.5% (dry matter), named as CP42.7, CP47.4, CP53.3, CP58.8, and CP64.5, respectively. Five hundred and twenty-five juveniles (6.0 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 15 tanks (300 L tanks), resulting in 35 fish per tank (n = 3 tanks). Fish were fed the test diets 5 times per day until satiation. The CP58.8 resulted in the highest gain in weight and the best efficiency in feed utilization among the tested protein levels (P < 0.05). Fish fed the CP58.8 diet showed significantly higher whole-body protein and lipid contents than the fish that were fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed the CP53.3, CP58.8, and CP64.5 diets showed a significantly higher dorsal-muscle lipid content than the fish that were fed the CP42.7 and CP47.4 diets (P < 0.05). The one-slope straight broken-line regression analysis on the results of the thermal growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio indicated that the estimated optimum dietary protein level was 58.8%. Taken together, it is suggested that the dietary protein level of 58.8% is optimal for better growth and high efficiency in feed utilization for the juvenile marbled flounder.     

MDCC—MSB1培养基上清液中DNA活性的定性研究

将 Ｍ Ｄ Ｃ Ｃ Ｍ Ｓ Ｂ１ ４８ 小时培养物 １０００ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ 离心的上清液分别用 Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 酶、 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 酶和蛋白酶 Ｋ 处理后,进行体外试验。结果表明,只有 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 酶处理后的上清液失去了体外抑制 Ｍ Ｄ Ｖ“８１４”增殖的作用。将该上清液 １００００ｒ／ｍ ｉｎ 离心所得的沉淀分别用上述酶处理后进行体内试验。结果表明,只有 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 酶处理的样品失去了体内促进 Ｍ Ｄ Ｖ 京１ 株致瘤的作用。同时,电泳分析结果证明,该上清液中确实存在 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ。