Determination of the antigenic relationships within the Massachusetts (M41) type of infectious bronchitis virus using the hemagglutination-inhibition test

The antigenic relationships, antigenic spectrum, and immunogenicity of seven IBV-Massachusetts-41 isolates were investigated using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. HI titers equal to 32 are considered suspicious, titers lower than 32 are considered negative, and titers higher than 32 are considered positive immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Some isolates of Massachusetts-41 ( M41 ) were capable of inducing large quantities of antibodies in chickens following inoculation and demonstrated a wider antigenic spectrum than others. Variations in antigenic spectrum observed within M41 isolates in this study are in agreement with previous reports. This variation is of importance in selecting a proper vaccine strain for a successful immunization program for IBV.     

An epornitic of avian pox in a research aviary

An outbreak of avian pox in a bird research colony was reported. Although 10 species of passerine birds were housed within the facility, clinical signs and mortality were restricted to canaries and house sparrows. Post-mortem lesions initially occurred in the upper and lower respiratory tracts and were characterized by proliferative rhinitis, proliferative bronchopneumonia, and proliferative airsacculitis, and diphtheritic lesions occurring in the esophagus were characterized by proliferative granulomatous esophagitis. Cutaneous lesions occurred subsequently in some birds, and a diagnosis was made by histopathology, electron microscopy, and virus isolation. The occurrence of diphtheritic lesions in pox infections of wild birds has been rare, and a sparrow showed an unusual combination of both diphtheritic and acute systemic lesions previously undescribed.     

Pitfalls in immunofluorescence testing in dermatology. III. Pemphigus-like antibodies in the horse and direct immunofluorescence testing in equine dermatophilosis

Indirect immunofluorescence testing for pemphigus-like antibodies was performed on 79 horses: 28 horses with various nonpemphigus dermatologic diseases, 21 horses with various nondermatologic diseases, and 30 normal horses. Pemphigus-like antibodies were detected in 6 horses: 3 normal horses with titers of 1:40, 2 horses with dermatophilosis at titers of 1:10 and 1:80, and 1 horse with lymphosarcoma at a titer of 1:320. It was concluded that equine pemphigus-like antibodies are a potential source of misinterpretation and misdiagnosis in indirect immunofluorescence testing. Direct immunofluorescence testing for whole immunoglobulin, IgG, IgM, and IgA was performed on skin lesions from 2 horses with dermatophilosis. Diffuse intercellular deposition of whole immunoglobulin and IgG was found in both horses. It was concluded that equine dermatophilosis is a potential source of misinterpretation and misdiagnosis in direct immunofluorescence testing.     

Idiopathic skeletal muscle necrosis in bluegills

Skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis in a wild population of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) were investigated. Hemorrhage and large areas of muscle necrosis were evident at necropsy. Histologically, muscle fibers were granular, vacuolated, and fragmented. Ultrastructural alterations included mitochondrial swelling, clumping and loss of actin and myosin fibrils, swelling of T tubules, and loss of continuity of the sarcolemma. An etiologic agent was not identified.     

Antagonism of xylazine sedation in steers by doxapram and 4-aminopyridine

Five groups of 6 fasted crossbred steers were injected IM with standard dosages of xylazine hydrochloride (0.3 to 0.5 mg/kg). At maximal sedation, the steers were injected IV with the antagonists' doxapram (1.0 mg/kg), doxapram + yohimbine (0.125 mg of yohimbine/kg), doxapram + 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 0.3 mg of 4-AP/kg), or 4-AP + yohimbine. One group was given 1.0 ml of saline solution IV instead of antagonists. Doxapram, doxapram + yohimbine, doxapram + 4-AP, and 4-AP + yohimbine decreased mean standing time (time from antagonist injection until animal could stand unaided) to 17.0, 4.3, 3.3, and 4.5 minutes, respectively--significantly (P less than 0.05) down from a control value of 49.8 minutes. Mean total recovery time (time from xylazine injection until animal resumed eating) was decreased to 78 minutes by doxapram and 81.6 minutes by doxapram + 4-AP--significantly (P less than 0.05) down from the control value of 142.9 minutes. Respiratory character was improved (depth of respiration was increased) only by doxapram + 4-AP. Relapses to recumbency and marked sedation were not seen in steers given doxapram + 4-AP or the saline solution. One steer given doxapram, 2 given doxapram + yohimbine, and 1 given 4-AP + yohimbine relapsed to recumbency and sedation. Recovery was relatively smooth in steers given doxapram + 4-AP or 4-AP + yohimbine. Animals given doxapram or doxapram + yohimbine had difficult recoveries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Measurement of plasma antithrombin III activity in healthy horses

A fluorometric assay was used to determine plasma antithrombin III (AT III) activities in 15 healthy adult horses. Nearly all plasma samples had an initial value of greater than 100% thrombin inhibited, so a 1:1 dilution of the prepared samples was performed. Following dilution, the mean value of the animals was 59.17 +/- 7.4% thrombin inhibited. Mares had significantly greater AT III activity than did geldings (P less than 0.01). The results of this study indicate the horse has more AT III activity than did other domestic species in which AT III activity has been reported.     

Use of Isobutyl-Cyanoacrylate Adhesive in Osteosynthesis A Preliminary Study

Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate was used to reattach partial-thickness cortical bone fragments from the femur in rabbits. Stability, apposition, callus formation, and inflammation around the fragments were evaluated at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.
All glued bone fragments were stable, compared with 85% of controls. Good apposition was achieved in 95% of the glued bone fragments, compared with 19% of the controls. Analysis of the mean scores for callus formation revealed a significant difference only in the 8 week survival group.
Bony union was noted in 20 of 21 of the glued fragments. No evidence of inflammation was seen around the glue, and viable bone was seen adjacent to the adhesive in many sections. In control legs, 13 fragments had healed by osseous union, two by fibrous union, and in six the chip had resorbed.     

Serological and bacteriological survey of three horse studs for contagious equine metritis

A bacteriological and serological survey for evidence of contagious equine metritis (CEM) was made during the 1980 breeding season on 3 horse studs in South Australia with a history of previous infection. Swabs from the clitoral sinus and the cervix were cultured for Haemophilus equigenitalis and serum was screened for antibody using the complement fixation test (CFT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The specificity of both tests was greater than 0.99 but the ELISA was more sensitive in detecting antibody in infected mares. On the evidence presented it was concluded that H. equigenitalis is no longer present in the horse studs investigated.     

Extent and duration of virulent virus excretion upon challenge of pigs vaccinated with different glycoprotein-deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines

Different deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccines were compared for their ability to induce an immunity which suppresses virus excretion optimally upon infection. Groups of pigs were vaccinated once with attenuated deleted Aujeszky's disease vaccine (gI, gX or gp63 negative), suspended in phosphate buffered saline. Two additional groups were vaccinated with a gI deleted vaccine virus suspended in an oil-in-water emulsion. Other groups were vaccinated twice with gI deleted inactivated vaccines. The three control groups included were: pigs immune after infection, unvaccinated pigs and pigs receiving vaccine without known deletion in the envelope. Experimental challenge took place 3 or 4 weeks after the only or the last vaccination. The number of excreting pigs, the duration of excretion and the virus titers excreted, were determined for all the groups. All the pigs vaccinated with glycoprotein deletion vaccines suspended in phosphate buffered saline, excreted virus for 2 to 6 days after challenge. A 100 to 1000 fold reduction in excreted virus titers was obtained in vaccinated pigs compared to unvaccinated ones. Some vaccines suppressed virus excretion better than others, but no correlation could be made between the type of deletion (gI, gX or gp63) and the degree of reduction in virus excretion. Similar results were obtained with two applications of inactivated vaccines. The lowest number of excreting pigs, the lowest duration of excretion and the lowest titers were obtained in groups vaccinated with the attenuated vaccine suspended in an oil-in-water emulsion. No vaccine suppressed virus excretion totally.