转Cry1Ac+Cry2ab基因棉花对小地老虎生长发育的影响

测定了转Cry1Ac+Cry2ab基因棉花对小地老虎的致死作用及生长发育的影响。结果表明,与常规棉对照相比,转Cry1Ac+Cry2ab基因棉花对小地老虎幼虫具有一定程度的控制作用,但不理想;转Cry1Ac+Cry2ab基因棉花对小地老虎幼虫的生长发育有较大的影响,表现为使各虫态发育历期延长,化蛹时间和羽化时间延长,幼虫虫体质量和蛹质量减轻,化蛹率和羽化率明显降低。     

陆地棉单萜合酶基因GhTPS4和GhTPS5的克隆及棉铃虫诱导的基因表达分析

通过本地Blast筛选陆地棉转录组数据并结合RACE的方法,克隆获得2个陆地棉萜类合酶基因全长,命名为GhTPS4(Genebank登录号:KF860865)和GhTPS5(Genebank登录号:KF860866)。GhTPS4和GhTPS5基因分别编码590个和598个氨基酸,预测分子量为68.5 kDa和69.9 kDa,等电点为5.59和5.66。生物信息分析表明:GhTPS4和GhTPS5均含有叶绿体转运肽,并含有"DDxx D"和"RRX8W"保守域,具有典型的单萜合酶特征。此外,聚类分析表明GhTPS4和GhTPS5均属于Tpsb亚家族。利用荧光定量PCR的方法,对GhTPS4和GhTPS5在棉铃虫为害陆地棉(石远321)叶片的表达模式进行了研究,结果表明:GhTPS4的表达量在处理后不同时间均高于未处理对照,在处理后36 h表达量最高,表明GhTPS4在应答棉铃虫为害时可能起到了积极的防御作用。GhTPS5在处理后不同时间均比未处理对照表达量低,其功能尚需进一步探讨。     

苎麻骨纤维餐具降解性能研究

为了了解苎麻骨纤维餐具的降解规律,为其规模化生产提供依据,采用活性污泥法对其生物降解性能进行了研究。以生物降解率为考察指标,分析活性污泥对于聚丙烯(PP)、滤纸、苎麻骨纤维餐具、纸浆模塑餐具和塑料淀粉餐具的降解能力。结果表明,在降解期间（28天）,滤纸降解速度最快,纸浆模塑餐具次之,苎麻骨纤维餐具降解程度低于纸制,生物降解率达到60.59%。而聚丙烯餐具和塑料淀粉餐具基本不降解。增加降解物的表面积和提高活性污泥与降解物的比值,有利于苎麻骨纤维餐具的降解。     

不同种植方式对黄菖蒲、水葱和菖蒲3种挺水植物生长的影响

以黄菖蒲、水葱与菖蒲3 种挺水植物为材料,在常规种植密度下设置纯植、块状混植与株间混植3种种植方式,分析不同种植方式对植株生长的影响。结果显示,黄菖蒲与菖蒲共同种植其伸长率(ER)均高于纯植方式;块状混植方式下黄菖蒲的平均生长速率(AGR)高于纯植方式,而菖蒲的AGR 则低于纯植方式;株间混植方式下两者的AGR均高于纯植方式。两者分别与水葱株间混植时,水葱的ER 在块状混植与株间混植方式下均比纯植方式高,而菖蒲与黄菖蒲的ER 则均比纯植方式低;株间混植时水葱与黄菖蒲的AGR 均低于纯植方式,菖蒲的AGR 在块状混植方式下比纯植方式低,株间混植方式下则与纯植相当。结果表明,菖蒲与黄菖蒲株间混植有利于相互植株的较快增加和生物产量的较快累积,体现出相互促进效应;而它们与水葱株间混植时,水葱会通过快速的株高伸长,对菖蒲与黄菖蒲形成一定的抑制效应。     

Transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps Rice with Insect and Herbicide Resistance Acted No Adverse Impacts on the Population Growth of a Non-Target Herbivore,the White-Backed Planthopper,Under Laboratory and Field Conditions

Numerous Bt rice lines expressing Cry protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) have been developed since 1989. However, the potential risks posed by Bt rice on non-target organisms still remain debate. The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), is one of the most economically important insect pests of rice in Asian countries and also one of the main non-target herbivores of transgenic rice. In the current study, impacts of transgenic cry1Ab/vip3H+epsps rice (G6H1) with both insect and herbicide resistance on WBPH were evaluated to ascertain whether this transgenic rice line had potential risks for this sap-sucking pest under laboratory and field conditions. The laboratory results showed that no significant difference in egg developmental duration, nymphal survival rate and female fecundity was found for WBPH between G6H1 and its non-transgenic isoline (XS110). However, the development duration of nymphs was significantly shorter and female longevity significantly longer when WBPH fed on G6H1 by comparison with those on its control. To verify the results found in laboratory, a 3-yr field trial was conducted to monitor WBPH population using both the vacuum-suction machine and beat plate methods. Although the seasonal density of WBPH nymphs and total density of nymphs and adults were not significantly affected by transgenic rice regardless of the sampling methods, the seasonal density of WBPH adults in transgenic rice plots was slightly lower than that in the control when using the vacuum-suction machine. Based on these results both from laboratory and field, it is clear that our tested transgenic rice line will not lead higher population of WBPH. However, long-term field experiments to monitor the population dynamics of WPBH at large scale need to be conducted to confirm the present conclusions in future.     

Effect of heat stress and recovery on viability,oxidative damage,and heat shock protein expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

In this study, we investigated the effects of hyperthermia and recovery on cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and heat shock protein (HSP60, 70, and 90) mRNA expression in the hepatic cells of the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Triplicate groups of cultured cells were exposed to 30, 32, or 34 °C for 0.5 h and then immediately incubated at 27 °C in 5 % CO₂ for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Hyperthermia stress greatly reduced cell viability and increased LDH release. Cell damage declined after recovery. Hyperthermia stress increased the lipid peroxide levels and reduced the antioxidant capacity (e.g., reduced SOD and T-AOC) of the cells. However, oxidative damage declined as the recovery period increased, and the levels of MDA, SOD, and T-AOC were restored. After cells were exposed to 32 °C, the expression of HSP60 after recovery for 1, 2, and 4 h (P < 0.05), the expression of HSP70 after recovery for 0.5 and 1 h (P < 0.01), and the expression of HSP90 throughout recovery were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the prestress levels. During the recovery period, the variations in HSP gene expression reflected the transition period from a state of cellular growth to one of the cellular repairs. In conclusion, hyperthermia depresses cell viability, induces oxidative damage, and increases HSP expression, which plays an important role during hyperthermic stress in grass carp hepatic cells.     

Effect of enrofloxacin and emodin on heat-shock proteins’ expression in hepatic cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The aim of the present study was to compare the expression pattern of heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), 70 (HSP70), and 90 (HSP90) mRNA in hepatic cells of grass carp exposed to enrofloxacin and emodin concentrations. The expression pattern of different genes encoding heat-shock proteins in hepatic cells of grass carp was exposed to graded levels of enrofloxacin (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml) or emodin (0.04, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 μg/ml) for 24 h and were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR. When cells were exposed to up 50 μg/ml enrofloxacin, both HSP60 and HSP70 mRNA levels firstly were increased and thereafter significantly dropped at high concentrations (P < 0.05), while HSP90 decreased with increasing enrofloxacin concentration. Besides, HSP60 and HSP70 expressions were significantly inhibited in the high-concentration groups. In addition, the HSP90 mRNA levels in the treatment exposed to 100 and 200 μg/ml enrofloxacin were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, when cells were exposed to graded levels of emodin, HSPs (HSP60, 70, and 90) mRNA levels significantly increased in the groups exposed to 5 and 25 μg/ml of emodin. The different expression pattern of HSPs implied that enrofloxacin could inhibit the expression levels of HSPs, while optimal level of emodin could trigger higher expression levels of HSPs in hepatic cell of grass carp to protect against further damage.     

湿地挺水植物凋落物分解研究概述

挺水植物凋落物的分解会对湿地水质产生一定程度的影响。文中从挺水植物凋落物分解的研究方法、凋落物分解速率和元素释放以及分解与水体营养化水平的相互关系等几个方面,分析了挺水植物凋落物的分解特征。指出除了传统的分解袋法之外,一些新的技术和方法如近红外反射光谱（NIRS）法、同位素13C和15N示踪法也应用到植物凋落物的分解研究中;不同挺水植物凋落物的分解速率是不相同的,分解速率的不同致使凋落物元素释放的不同,且在分解过程中受到挺水植物凋落物特性和外界环境的影响。还分析了挺水植物凋落物独特的分解方式——立枯分解,指出挺水植物凋落物的分解可能会对水体造成二次污染,且不同植物的影响也是不同的。为了更好地保护环境,进一步提高水体质量,提出对挺水植物凋落物采取的相应措施,包括在植物生长末期清除部分植物凋落物,减少对水体的影响。还展望了今后在该领域研究的重点。     

以科学的视角揭开作物转基因的神秘面纱

转基因技术是近现代农业史上发展最为迅猛的作物遗传改良技术。1996年首例转基因作物开展商业化种植,截至2016年转基因作物种植面积已呈百倍增加。人们从转基因作物的大面积推广应用中获得了巨大的经济效益与社会效益。目前转基因在我国被"妖魔化",甚至出现"谈转基因色变"的局面。为使公众对转基因有科学全面的认识,对转基因的基本概念、国内外发展现状、安全性评价等内容进行了阐述,同时展望了转基因作物在我国产业化的发展趋势。     

丹顶鹤体内曲领棘缘吸虫的鉴定

为了鉴定经吡喹酮治疗有拉稀症状的丹顶鹤排出的吸虫种类,应用形态学结合分子生物学方法对该吸虫进行虫种鉴定。结果显示:该虫体形态与文献中报道的曲领棘缘吸虫的形态一致;所分离的吸虫ITS r DNA序列全长为1 083 bp,通过与NCBI上其他棘口科吸虫的ITS序列进行比对,表明该虫体与Echinostoma trivolvis的同源性可高达93%,属于棘口属吸虫,得出虫体鉴定结果为曲领棘缘吸虫,为鱼媒介寄生虫的防治提供参考依据。