蒙脱石的添加对玉米秸秆青贮饲料品质的影响

为提高青贮玉米秸秆的品质,分别采用商品青贮菌源和菌源与蒙脱石的混合物作为添加剂对玉米秸秆进行青贮处理。通过对青贮饲料进行感官评价和品质指标的比较分析发现,采用青贮菌源和蒙脱石联合制备的青贮饲料与只用青贮菌源制备的青贮饲料相比:含水率更高,饲料更鲜嫩多汁;pH更低,更有利于青贮饲料长期稳定保存;饲料中可溶性糖含量、粗蛋白质消耗率降低程度更低,饲料中的养分得以更好的保留;乳酸含量增高的更多,有益于动物肠道菌群的改善,而丁酸含量降幅更高,能提高动物采食率;青贮饲料微观纤维结构破坏程度更高,有利于禽畜的消化吸收。     

Dynamic changes of fatty acids and minerals in sow milk during lactation

The objective of the present study was to explore the changes in fatty acids (FAs) and minerals composition in sow milk in order to improve the knowledge about FAs and mineral requirements for piglets. The FAs and minerals composition in the sow milk samples which were collected from ten sows during a period of 16 days of lactation was analysed. The proportion of FAs in sow milk has a significant increase in C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, C14:1 and C16:1 FAs and the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) according to the lactation period (p < 0.05). The proportion of C18:2 cis‐9,12 FA and the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly decreased with the advancing of lactation (p < 0.05). The concentrations of minerals, including potassium, copper, manganese and zinc, were higher on day 1 and day 2 than those on day 13 and day 16 (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the lowest concentrations of calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron and the lowest molar calcium: phosphorus ratio emerged in colostrum (p < 0.05). In summary, our results demonstrated FAs profile and minerals concentrations were changed with lactation period. Better understanding of the changes of FAs and minerals may be valuable to swine nutritionists in the commercial industry. In addition, those results provided some meaningful information for sow's diet formulation during lactation.     

In ovo feeding of creatine pyruvate modulates growth performance,energy reserves and mRNA expression levels of gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis enzymes in liver of embryos and neonatal broilers

The effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of creatine pyruvate (CrPyr) on the growth performance, energy reserves and mRNA expression levels of gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis enzymes in liver of late‐term embryos and neonatal broilers were investigated. After candling on 16 day of incubation, a total of 960 eggs were randomly assigned to three treatments: (i) non‐injected control, (ii) saline group injected with 0.6 ml of 0.75% physiological saline and (iii) Creatine pyruvate group injected with 0.6 ml of physiological saline containing 12 mg CrPyr/egg. After hatching, 120 male chicks with average body weight (BW) were randomly allocated into each treatment group for a 7‐day feeding trial. The results showed that broilers subjected to CrPyr treatment had higher BW than those of the control and saline groups on 1, 3 and 7 day post‐hatch, as well as the yolk sac weight on 19 day of incubation (19 E), the day of hatch and 3 day post‐hatch (p < .05). Compared with the control and saline groups, IOF of CrPyr increased the plasma creatine concentration on the day of hatch, and the plasma pyruvate concentration on the day of hatch and 3 day post‐hatch (p < .05). Moreover, IOF of CrPyr increased the liver pyruvate and glucose concentrations on 19 E and the day of hatch, and the liver glycogen concentration during the experiment (p < .05). Broilers in the CrPyr group showed increased mRNA expression levels of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glycogen synthase 2 (GYS2) on 19 E and the day of hatch (p < .05). These results indicated that IOF of CrPyr increased energy reserves in liver of embryos and neonatal broilers possibly through upregulating the mRNA expression levels of PC, PEPCK and GYS2, which could benefit the increase of BW in broilers on 7 day post‐hatch.     

2018年内蒙古察右后旗绵羊捻转血矛线虫流行病学调查及耐药性检测

为了解草原放牧绵羊捻转血矛线虫流行情况及目前常用驱虫药物的耐药情况,2018年3—10月,根据不同草场类型、不同养殖模式,在内蒙古乌兰察布市察右后旗贲红、白音察干、大陆号、锡林郭勒、土牧尔台5个地区选择16个牧场,每个牧场随机选择15只绵羊,共240只,进行绵羊捻转血矛线虫检测,发现绵羊捻转血矛线虫平均感染率为75%,平均感染强度为14.8×200个/g;选取6个牧场的感染率和感染强度都较大的绵羊进行驱虫试验,发现有5个牧场的绵羊捻转血矛线虫对阿苯达唑和伊维菌素产生了较强的耐药性。调查结果表明,察右后旗的绵羊捻转血矛线虫流行较为普遍,羊群感染较为严重,且对阿苯达唑、伊维菌素产生了不同程度的耐药性。结果提示,加强捻转血矛线虫的耐药性监测,研发新的驱虫药物,优化驱虫措施,防止盲目用药,同时加强饲养管理,改善圈舍和牧地环境卫生,依然是有效防控绵羊捻转血矛线虫的重要途径。     

Vegetation Responses to Fixed Stocking Densities in Highly Variable Montane Pastures in the Chinese Altay

Variability in aboveground herbaceous biomass and its quality were studied in response to three different stocking densities during a 2-yr grazing experiment with sheep on a montane summer pasture in the Chinese Altay. We determined herbaceous cover and aboveground biomass in 16 paddocks of 0.25 ha each. Vegetation cover showed high spatial variation, prompting us to implement a randomized block design. Forage intake of one male sheep per paddock was quantified four times per grazing season by collection of total feces and estimation of diet digestibility. Sheep weight was recorded every 3 wk. Aboveground herbaceous dry mass (DM) was characterized by pronounced annual variation. Biomass quality declined with progressing season and increasing sheep density. Daily organic matter intake per sheep ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 kg, which was paralleled by a biomass removal of 710 ? 1 560 kg DM/ha at densities of 8 ? 24 sheep/ha. At 8 sheep/ha, animals gained weight throughout each grazing period, whereas weight losses of 40 ? 100 g/d occurred at higher densities. These results challenge the presently followed concept of a fixed stocking density for summer pastures in Altay Prefecture, Xinjian, China. Such practice may result in low herbage allowances and thus deficient sheep nutrition in one year, as well as underutilization of forage resources in another. Flexible adjustment of stocking densities is also advisable for montane pastures where spatiotemporal variability, although less pronounced than in desert steppes of the Altay foothills, is nonetheless highly relevant.     

三亚鹿回头礁区造礁石珊瑚的摄食特征

能量与营养物质的正常获取是维系造礁石珊瑚生命活动的基础,这主要与其两种营养方式—光合自养和异养营养有关。当前,国内外学者对造礁石珊瑚的研究以光合自养为主,而对其异养营养的认识则相对不足。基于此,本研究以鹿回头礁区(海南三亚)的3种代表性造礁石珊瑚—丛生盔形珊瑚、鹿角杯形珊瑚和美丽鹿角珊瑚为对象,通过投喂丰年虫无节幼体、水族用桡足类、酵母浸出粉溶液及水族珊瑚粮这4种食物,探讨了3种造礁石珊瑚的食性、摄食方式。结果显示,丛生盔形珊瑚对上述4种食物均表现出明显的摄食行为;相反,美丽鹿角珊瑚对4种食物均不表现摄食行为;鹿角杯形珊瑚只摄食尺寸较小的丰年虫无节幼体和水族珊瑚粮,并首次发现其在摄食丰年虫无节幼体时水螅体间相互协作以及通过释放肠系膜摄食水族珊瑚粮的现象。进一步研究丛生盔形珊瑚对丰年虫无节幼体的摄食速率和消化情况,发现其摄食速率与丰年虫无节幼体密度符合米氏方程,且其消化周期约为3 h。研究结果有助于更加深入地认识造礁石珊瑚摄食取向及其摄食过程,可为造礁石珊瑚人工养殖过程中的饵料选择提供借鉴。     

淮河橄榄蛏蚌营养成分及矿物质元素季节性变化分析

为评估橄榄蛏蚌的营养价值,以淮河橄榄蛏蚌为材料,采用常规营养成分分析及生化方法测定了软体部营养成分及矿物质元素含量的季节变化。结果显示：在3月、6月、9月、12月含肉率在58.03%~62.61%,6月含肉率显著低于12月(P<0.05),与3月、9月无显著性差异(P>0.05),12月与3月、9月含肉率无显著性差异(P>0.05);水分、粗脂肪无显著季节性差异(P>0.05),粗蛋白在6月、9月、12月无显著性差异(P>0.05),均显著低于3月(P<0.05),灰分在6月、9月、12月无显著性差异(P>0.05),均显著高于3月(P<0.05);淮河橄榄蛏蚌软体部（干物质）含必需氨基酸7种,非必需氨基酸10种,总氨基酸含量在52.12%~54.31%之间,必需氨基酸含量在20.57%~21.94%,呈味氨基酸含量在19.09%~19.43%,总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸含量在4个季节无显著性差异(P>0.05);所检测元素中,Hg因含量低而未检出,检测结果显示Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd这6种元素在4个季节无显著性差异。本研究结果表明淮河橄榄蛏蚌具有较高的营养价值和较好的食用价值。     

油用牡丹种子采摘始期预报模型研究

为探讨油用牡丹种子成熟采摘期受气象条件影响的变化规律,依据菏泽市2008—2019年油用牡丹物候观测资料和生育期间气温、光照及降水量等气象要素,利用Microsoft Office Excel 2013、DPS统计软件,采取相关分析、回归分析、滑动平均等数理统计方法,分析了气象条件对油用牡丹生长及种子成熟期的影响。结果表明：油用牡丹花期年变化趋势和种子采摘始期年变化趋势基本一致,个别年份因出现特别的气候异常除外;影响种子采摘始期的气象因子主要是温度,包括平均气温、积温、最高最低日较差等,相关性达显著性检验。光照、湿度、降水等与种子采摘始期相关不显著,但这些气象因子对牡丹生长的影响不容忽视;选取相关显著的气象因子,采用回归方法,建立了油用牡丹种子采摘始期预报模型,分别于7月11日、7月21日制作并发布种子采摘始期预报。模型历史回代,并对2019、2020年进行预报检验（允许误差均在±1天）,准确率均为100%,拟合和试报效果较为理想,研究结果可为花农适时采摘优质牡丹种子提供科学参考依据。