Detection of fibrin deposits in horse tissues by immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND: Histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to detect fibrin deposits in different tissues in humans and experimental animal models with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Fibrin deposits also have been observed in horses with severe ischemic and inflammatory disorders by histochemical stainings (phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin [PTAH]). HYPOTHESIS: Immunohistochemical (IHC) methods can be used to accurately detect fibrin deposits in horses at risk of DIC. ANIMALS: Tissue-organ samples collected on postmortem examination from 87 horses with severe inflammatory and ischemic gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, tissue samples from 13 horses with colic and colonic obstructions or displacements and from 13 slaughter horses were used as controls. METHODS: Tissue samples (kidney, lung, and liver) were stained with PTAH and IHC for blinded histologic examination and comparison. A fibrin score (grades 0 to 4) was established for each tissue sample and for each horse for both techniques. RESULTS: When the IHC method was used, fibrin deposition was observed in 47.1% of the horses with colic with a poor prognosis, compared with 41.4% with PTAH. An agreement of 70% was achieved when both methods were compared, and the lung was confirmed as the most affected organ. Almost none of the colic and slaughter control horses had fibrin deposits in their tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: IHC technique for fibrin antigens was very effective in the detection and identification of fibrin deposits in equine tissues and may be a reliable technique for the postmortem diagnosis of DIC.     

New approaches for education and training in veterinary public health: the SAPUVET projects

Continued contact between humans and animals, in combination with the ever-increasing movement of human and animal populations that is one effect of globalization, contributes to the spread of diseases, often with detrimental effects on public health. This has led professionals involved in both animal health and public health to recognize veterinary public health (VPH) as a key area for their activities to address the human-animal interface. Veterinarians, a profession with major involvement in this field, are in need of specific knowledge and skills to prevent and control public-health problems. As a result, VPH must be directly integrated into veterinary educational programs. At present, only few veterinary schools have specific VPH programs; in most institutions, VPH does not feature as a specific subject in either undergraduate or post-graduate curricula. SAPUVET and SAPUVETNET II are network projects supported by the ALFA program of the European Union (EU). Their main objectives are to reach a common understanding between European and Latin American universities in the definition of the areas in which VPH is important in their respective countries, and to design a harmonized training program for veterinarians in VPH, by making use of new technological applications and innovative teaching methodologies. The elaboration of educational material in combination with case studies presenting real-life problems provides a basis to apply the knowledge acquired on VPH. It is envisaged that the material and modules developed during the two projects will be integrated into the veterinary curricula of the participating universities, as well as in other partner organizations.     

Antimicrobial activity of Diospyros anisandra

Leaves, root and stem bark of Diospyros anisandra were screened against two strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one resistant and one susceptible to antibiotics, using the microplate Alamar blue assay test. The lypophylic fractions of the root and bark showed significant inhibitory activity against both strains, with the hexane fraction of the bark showing the strongest activity (MIC 6.25 microg/ml) against the resistant strain and a significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The bioassay-guided purification of the bioactive hexane fraction resulted in the isolation and identification of the naphthoquinone plumbagin as one of the metabolites responsible for the biological activity.     

Variography and kriging allow screening Pinus pinaster resistant to Armillaria ostoyae in field conditions

Armillaria ostoyae is an important disease of Pinus pinasterin north-west Spain, which kills trees following a heterogeneousspatial structure. In a progeny trial of P. pinaster seedlings,spatial heterogeneity and autocorrelation of neighbour mortalitycaused by A. ostoyae impeded proper analysis of the diseaseincidence. We used variography and kriging methods to describethe spatial distribution of the infection probability and thegenetic variation of the resistance to A. ostoyae among families.The spatial structure of disease incidence was modelled, andthe probability of survival was corrected by kriging at eachtree location. Cumulative mortality 3 years after planting was65.1 per cent. Significant differences among P. pinaster familiesin terms of mortality to A. ostoyae were found, with low individual(h = 0.08) and moderate family (h = 0.35) heritability estimates. According to a theoretical semivariogram, the patch size ofthe disease incidence was 63 m wide. This is the first timevariography and kriging are used to select P. pinaster resistantto Armillaria root rot. It is concluded that geostatistics providesforest pathologists with a powerful tool for screening resistanttrees in field conditions.     

Physiological and pharmacokinetic responses in neotropical Piaractus mesopotamicus to the essential oil from Lippia sidoides (Verbenaceae) as an anesthetic

International Aquatic Research - The goal of the study was to evaluate Lippia sidoides essential oil as an anesthetic for the tropical fish pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. The physiological and...     

Effects of addition of Navicula sp. (diatom) in different densities to postlarvae of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a BFT system: Growth,survival, productivity and fatty acid profile

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of Navicula sp. on the growth and fatty acids profile of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae in a biofloc system (BFT). Four treatments were used: BFT; BFT 2.5N (addition of 2.5 × 10⁴ cells/ml of Navicula sp.); BFT 5N (addition of 5 × 10⁴ cells/ml of Navicula sp.) and BFT 10N (addition of 10 × 10⁴ cells/ml of Navicula sp.), all in triplicate. The shrimp (1 ± 0.01 mg) were stocked at a density of 3,000 postlarvae/m³ and fed with commercial feed. The diatom was added every 10 days, and at the end of 42 days, shrimp performance, water quality and proximal composition were evaluated. The BFT 5N and BFT 10N treatments had higher performance values, highlighting the values of productivity (2.30 and 2.42 kg/m³) and specific growth rate (15.92 and 16.08%/day), which were higher than the other treatments. In addition, the highest levels of fatty acids were observed in treatments with diatom (BFT 5N and BFT 10N), indicating the benefits of Navicula sp. on growth enhancement and fatty acid content of L. vannamei postlarvae grown in biofloc systems.     

Thermal tolerance and compatibility zones as a tool to establish the optimum culture condition of the halibut Paralichthys californicus (Ayres, 1859)

California halibut, Paralichthys californicus (Ayres, 1859) juveniles were studied to ascertain the thermal tolerance and the compatibility zone where these species can be cultivated. Juvenile halibut acclimated at 15, 18, 21 and 24 °C preferred temperatures of 15.1, 18.2, 18.5 and 24.7 °C respectively. The final preferendum (FP) was 18.4 °C, equivalent to the temperature where the physiological processes are more efficient and the optimum growth temperature of 18.02 °C was calculated using the Jobling (1981) equation. The maximum average weekly temperature that must not be exceeded in a juvenile cultivation system is 22.6 °C. Juveniles avoided temperatures of 10.8 and 29.1 °C if they were acclimated between 15 and 24 °C. The thermal tolerance range of the juvenile halibut, having low and high lethal temperatures of 5.0 and 31 °C, characterizes it as a eurythermic organism. The tolerance of the halibut did not increase with the acclimation temperature corresponding to the ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature of 31 °C that differed by only 0.83 °C to the value calculated using the Jobling (1981) equation. The thermal tolerance and compatibility zone for the California halibut were 242.8 and 121.5 (°C)², respectively; they characterize the thermal niche that includes the FP supporting an optimal growth of juveniles.     

Benthic habitat modelling and mapping as a conservation tool for marine protected areas: A seamount in the western Mediterranean

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Biofilm consumption shapes the intestinal microbiota of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei)

The effect using biofilm as complementary feed for shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) on the taxonomic and functional profile of its intestinal microbiota was evaluated. Shrimp were cultured for 30 days in two similar low‐water exchange systems, one using commercial feed and the other a combination of commercial feed with biofilm as complementary feed source. Six bacteria phyla were detected in the intestine of shrimp from both treatments (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria), being Proteobacteria the most abundant (81%–92%). However, this later phylum was significantly less dominant in shrimp fed with biofilm; this drop was associated with a decrease in Vibrio abundance. Differences in the taxonomic profile of bacteria between treatments were also observed through principal component analysis where the diet was the main influencing factor (PC1 72.4%). Regarding functional inference, similarities were detected between treatments. Carbohydrate and energy metabolism were the most abundant functions regardless of time or diet, followed by metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, translation processes, nucleotide metabolism and others. Results suggest that biofilm consumption influenced the taxonomic profile bacteria colonizing the shrimp intestine; however, a functional redundancy was observed despite the use of biofilm as complementary feed. Finally, shrimp fed with biofilm showed a better productive response.     

Suspended culture evaluation of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in a tropical estuary

The growth and survival of Crassostrea gigas were evaluated in hanging culture in the Chone River estuary (Bahía de Caráquez), Manabí province, Ecuador. Oyster seeds (~10 mm) were confined in lantern nets at a density equal to the occupation of half the surface of the basket base, until reaching commercial size (80 mm). A sample for oyster biometric, parasitic and bacterial analysis was obtained monthly. Temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, seston and phytoplankton biomass were determined. At the end of the study, the oysters were analysed for heavy metal concentration. The commercial oyster production was extrapolated to estimate the possible economic performance of a family production module (a 7 × 7 m bamboo raft). The results show a great biological feasibility of culture of C. gigas with harvests of commercial size oysters in only 5 months and acceptable survivals (accumulated >70%, after 3 weeks of crop seed selection). The heavy metal concentrations and the parasitological and bacteriological analyses did not indicate levels of contamination. The economic projections suggest that, even with a profitability of 57%, the initially invested capital could be recovered within the first harvest.