库姆塔格沙漠北界阿奇克谷地土壤可培养细菌多样性

为明确库姆塔格沙漠北界阿奇克谷地的土壤细菌多样性,探索该地区土壤微生物与植物群落的相互作用关系,采用NA、R2A培养基分离培养土壤细菌,通过16S rDNA序列系统发育分析鉴定菌株。结果表明,R2A平板菌落数量和种类较多;发现13株潜在新种菌株,已知菌种分属3大类群、4属、20种,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势类群,芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属,枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis subsp.inaquosorum)为优势菌种。与其他类似环境相比,阿奇克谷地土壤中可培养细菌生物量偏小,可培养的细菌多为抗性、耐性强的极端微生物。该地区特有的微生物资源、功能微生物和新菌资源丰富,为防沙治沙、微生物菌剂开发等研究提供物质基础。本研究结果对库姆塔格沙漠的自然生态保护以及极端环境微生物资源的应用具有重要意义。     

茶树DNA去甲基化酶基因的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

DNA去甲基化酶(dMTase)是主动去甲基化过程中具有糖基化酶和脱嘌呤裂合酶活性的双功能酶.基于茶树基因组数据,本研究利用生物信息学方法对茶树DNA去甲基化酶(CsdMTase)编码基因进行了全面鉴定和序列分析.全基因组鉴定结果表明,舒茶早基因组中包含4个CsdMTases,系统进化分析将CsdMTases分为DME...     

荠菜中黄酮类化合物提取工艺的研究

野生荠菜黄酮含量较高,但因其采收季节短,无法充分利用其自然资源,本文旨在采收季节,大量采收,将其烘干、贮存,并对其黄酮类化合物进行提取,在他人研究的基础上,只用乙醇做提取溶剂,对其影响因素、乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比进行单因素实验,在单因素基础上进行正交实验设计,筛选出最佳提取条件及提取工艺。结果表明:其提取条件为乙醇浓度85%,提取温度80℃,料液比20∶1,浸提时间1 h提取效果最佳。     

The future of fish passage science,engineering, and practice

Much effort has been devoted to developing, constructing and refining fish passage facilities to enable target species to pass barriers on fluvial systems, and yet, fishway science, engineering and practice remain imperfect. In this review, 17 experts from different fish passage research fields (i.e., biology, ecology, physiology, ecohydraulics, engineering) and from different continents (i.e., North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia) identified knowledge gaps and provided a roadmap for research priorities and technical developments. Once dominated by an engineering‐focused approach, fishway science today involves a wide range of disciplines from fish behaviour to socioeconomics to complex modelling of passage prioritization options in river networks. River barrier impacts on fish migration and dispersal are currently better understood than historically, but basic ecological knowledge underpinning the need for effective fish passage in many regions of the world, including in biodiversity hotspots (e.g., equatorial Africa, South‐East Asia), remains largely unknown. Designing efficient fishways, with minimal passage delay and post‐passage impacts, requires adaptive management and continued innovation. While the use of fishways in river restoration demands a transition towards fish passage at the community scale, advances in selective fishways are also needed to manage invasive fish colonization. Because of the erroneous view in some literature and communities of practice that fish passage is largely a proven technology, improved international collaboration, information sharing, method standardization and multidisciplinary training are needed. Further development of regional expertise is needed in South America, Asia and Africa where hydropower dams are currently being planned and constructed.     

桉树随机引物PCR反应体系优化研究

以桉树DNA为模板,采用单因素试验方法研究dNTP浓度、Mg2＋浓度及退火温度对桉树随机引物PCR反应结果的影响。试验结果表明,最优的反应体系为：20μL的PCR反应体积中,10×Buffer2.0μL,Mg2＋（25 mmol/L）1.28μL,dNTP（10 mmol/L）0.4μL,Primer（10μmol/L）2.0μL,Taq（5 U/μL）0.2μL,DNA2.0μL;最优扩增程序：94℃预变性2 min,然后进行35个循环（94℃变性30 s,36℃退火30 s,72℃延伸2 min）,最后72℃延伸10 min。     

水稻落粒性基因定位与克隆研究进展

水稻落粒性的丧失是水稻人工驯化中的重要事件.容易落粒是导致水稻减产的主要因素之一,因此落粒性也是水稻育种项目中重点选择的性状.为了阐明落粒性的机理,许多研究者开展了水稻落粒性有关基因的定位和克隆研究.其中,2个控制水稻落粒性的基因(sh4,qSH1)已经被克隆.本文综述了水稻落粒性的基因定位、克隆及进化等方面的研究进展.     

鱼稻共生条件下陶粒载体水稻浮床提高细菌活性及多样性

以轻质陶粒为主要原料开发出一种新型生物浮床载体,并通过种植水稻构建了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘水环境进行修复。研究了陶粒载体水稻浮床对精养池塘的水质净化作用,并采用Biolog-ECO技术分析了陶粒载体水稻浮床对池塘浮游细菌碳源代谢模式和多样性的影响。结果显示,试验组池塘水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和亚硝态氮(NO2–-N)等水质指标在8月份显著低于对照组,高锰酸盐指数(IMn)在8月份和10月份显著低于对照组。试验组池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性(AWCD)、Shannon指数和丰富度指数在8月份显著高于对照塘,Shannon均匀度指数在10月份显著高于对照塘。浮床种植水稻产量达到5 900 kg/hm~2。结果表明陶粒载体水稻浮床在具备一定生产性能基础上,降低了精养池塘水中氮磷营养水平,改变了精养池塘浮游细菌群落碳源利用模式,并提高了池塘浮游细菌群落代谢活性和功能多样性。结果可为应用陶粒载体水稻浮床调控池塘水环境提供理论指导。     

中华蜜蜂对荔枝园常见化学农药的触角电位反应

利用触角电生理技术测定了中华蜜蜂对荔枝园常用10种化学农药的触角电位反应（EAG）。结果表明，中华蜜蜂对不同化学农药品种的EAG反应值各不相同，其中高效顺反氯氰菊酯引发的EAG反应值最大，而生绿Bt粉剂引发的EAG反应值最小，两者间的差异达到极显著水平。这些农药品种引发中华蜜蜂EAG反应值的大小顺序为：高效顺反氯氰菊酯〉乐斯本乳油〉乐果乳油〉杀虫双水剂〉农地乐〉敌杀死乳油〉阿维菌素乳油〉灭百可乳油〉敌百虫乳油〉生绿Bt粉剂。这些研究结果可为我们从保护授粉蜜蜂的角度出发，在荔枝园中有选择性地施用对蜜蜂不敏感的农药品种提供有益参考。     

Echinococcosis/hydatidosis in western Iran

In the present study, 115 stray dogs (56 males and 59 females, mixed breed), 86 golden jackal (Canis aureus, 42 males and 44 females), 60 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, 33 males and 27 females), and three female wolves (Canis lupus) were examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection, as well as, 32,898 sheep, 10,691 goats, 15,779 cattle and 659 buffaloes for hydatid infection from five provinces in western Iran during 3 years (1997-2000). Meanwhile fertility rates of different types and forms of cysts isolated from infected animals and the viability of protoscolices were also determined. Results indicated that 19.1% of the dogs, 2.3% of the golden jackals and 5% of the red foxes were infected with Echinococcus granulosus. 11.1% of the sheep, 6.3% of the goats, 16.4% of the cattle and 12.4% of the buffaloes were also found to be infected with hydatid cyst. The cysts isolated from liver and lungs of the sheep show higher fertility rate than the cysts of liver and lungs of goats, cattle and buffaloes.     

农田土壤水分的计算

一、问题的提出研究农田土壤水分变化规律和特点对鉴定农作物水分供应,拟定灌溉方案和了解农田水分收支等均有很大的实际意义。但是,目前系统的实测土壤水分资料还很不够,测定方法也多较复杂且精确度低,短期内难于在气象站普及,一些测定土壤水分的先进技术尚在研究试用,因而找出精确可行的计算方法,特别是利用气象站现有观测资料提出一种简便的计算方法更属必要。本文仅就这个问题做一初步探讨。