紫外光诱导灰葡萄孢产生抗多菌灵菌株的研究

测得多菌灵对Botrytis cinerea野生菌株B_2的最低抑制生长浓度(MIC)值为0.5ppm。然而,经紫外光照射定向诱导,从B_2获得了突变频率为I/0.9—4.5×10~4的抗多菌灵突变菌株。这种抗性菌株在含多菌灵1000ppm的马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基上,菌丝生长很少受到抑制,在多菌灵2000ppm情况下仍能生长,难以测定MIC值。诱变抗性菌株(B-UV1)在无药培养基上连续培养8个月,抗性程度仍未下降,但生长速率降低。 B-UV1菌株对苯来持、托布津杀菌剂表现高度的交互抗性,但对克菌丹等4种测试药剂的敏感性,与野生菌株相似。接种草莓时,B-UV1菌株引起的发病率为野生菌株的77.8％,而且病情较轻。     

Muscular dystrophy in female dogs

The most common form of muscular dystrophy in dogs and humans is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. The dystrophin gene is located on the X chromosome, and, therefore, disease-causing mutations in dystrophin occur most often in males. Therefore, females with dystrophin deficiency or other forms of muscular dystrophy may be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze dystrophin and a number of other muscle proteins associated with muscular dystrophy in humans, including sarcoglycans and laminin alpha2, in muscle biopsy specimens from 5 female dogs with pathologic changes consistent with muscular dystrophy. The female dogs were presented with a variety of clinical signs including generalized weakness, muscle wasting, tremors, exercise intolerance, gait abnormalities, and limb deformity. Serum creatine kinase activity was variably high. One dog had no detectable dystrophin in the muscle; another was mosaic, with some fibers normal and others partly dystrophin-deficient. A 3rd dog had normal dystrophin but no detectable laminin alpha2. Two dogs could not be classified. This study demonstrates the occurrence of dystrophin- and laminin alpha2-associated muscular dystrophy and the difficulty in clinical diagnosis of these disorders in female dogs.     

Characterization of Distinct Tombusviruses that Cause Diseases of Lettuce and Tomato in the Western United States

A soilborne disease of lettuce, associated with necrosis and dieback, has been found with increasing frequency in California and Arizona over the last 10 years. An isometric virus, serologically related to Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), was consistently isolated from lettuce plants with these disease symptoms. Back-inoculation to healthy lettuce plants and subsequent reisolation of the virus from symptomatic lettuce leaves suggested that this virus was the causal agent of this disease. A tombusvirus was also associated with a necrosis disease of greenhouse-grown tomatoes in Colorado and New Mexico. Complementary DNA representing the 3' end of viral genomic RNAs recovered from diseased lettuce and tomato plants had identical nucleotide sequences. However, these sequences were divergent (12.2 to 17.1%) from sequences of the previously described strains of TBSV, Petunia asteroid mosaic virus (PAMV), Artichoke mottled crinkle virus, and Carnation Italian ringspot virus. Additional tombusvirus isolates were recovered from diseased lettuce and tomato plants and these were most closely related to the TBSV-cherry strain (synonymous with PAMV) and to Cucumber necrosis virus based on comparison of 3'-end sequences (0.1 to 0.6% and 4.8 to 5.1% divergence, respectively). Western blot analysis revealed that the new tombusvirus isolated from diseased lettuce and tomato plants in the western United States is serologically distinct from previously described tombusvirus species and strains. Based on genomic and serological properties, we propose to classify this virus as a new tombusvirus species and name it Lettuce necrotic stunt virus.     

Quality versus quantity: spring wheat seed size and seeding rate effects on Avena fatua interference, economic returns and economic thresholds

A 3-year field experiment was conducted at Kalispell, Montana, USA, to investigate the effects of spring wheat seed size and seeding rate on wheat yield loss (YL), economic returns and economic thresholds (ETs), as a function of Avena fatua density. Crop competitive ability increased as wheat seeding rate and seed size increased, with the greatest differences among treatment factors being observed at low weed densities. Both treatment factors decreased spring wheat YL, increasing economic returns during all 3 years of the study despite the higher associated seed costs. Averaged over all other factors, adjusted gross returns (AGR) were 477 and 537$ ha⁻¹ for the low and high seeding rates, while values of 453, 521 and 547$ ha⁻¹ were obtained for the small, bulk and large seed size classes respectively. Weed-free yield potential varied yearly. As yield potential increased, A. fatua competitive effects were more evident and ETs decreased. Nonetheless, both treatment factors increased ETs in 2 of 3 years. These results demonstrate that the use of higher seeding rates and larger seed size classes both improve wheat competitive ability towards A. fatua while simultaneously increasing economic returns.     

Effectiveness of Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride in suppression of sclerotinia blossom blight of alfalfa

The effects of the mycoparasites Coniothyrium minitans and Trichoderma atroviride on the suppression of alfalfa blossom blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were evaluated under indoor and field conditions. When T. atroviride (9·0 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (9·0 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) were applied to detached young alfalfa florets, T. atroviride effectively inhibited saprophytic growth of S. sclerotiorum, whereas C. minitans showed no inhibition under the same conditions. When T. atroviride (6·9 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) or C. minitans (6·9 × 10⁴ conidia/floret) + S. sclerotiorum (6·0 × 10³ ascospores/floret) was applied to young alfalfa petals in vivo just after pollination, the percentage of pod formation was higher for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum, and the percentage of pod rot was lower for T. atroviride+S. sclerotiorum than that for C. minitans+S. sclerotiorum. However, when they were applied to senescent petals attached to developing pods of alfalfa at 9·2 × 10⁴ conidia/floret together with S. sclerotiorum at 4·5 × 10³ ascospores/floret at 14 days after pollination, C. minitans was more effective than T. atroviride in suppressing sclerotinia pod rot and seed rot of alfalfa. Field experiments showed that three applications of C. minitans (5·4 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) or T. atroviride (5·4 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹) at a 7-day interval to blossoms of alfalfa effectively suppressed sclerotinia pod rot in two out of three annual trials. Coniothyrium minitans effectively suppressed sclerotinia seed rot in all three years, whereas T. atroviride was not effective against seed rot in any of the trial years. The efficacy of C. minitans was not significantly different (P > 0·05) from benomyl (250 µg ai mL⁻¹). This study suggests that C. minitans has potential as a biocontrol agent to control blossom blight of alfalfa caused by S. sclerotiorum.     

春大豆田杂草生态经济防除阈期研究

通过辽宁省沈阳、庄河两地的田间试验,建立了大豆田苗后有草天数或无草天数与产量损失率间的函数关系模型,明确了辽宁省春大豆田杂草的生态经济防除阈期为大豆出苗后16~40 d。在此期间内保持田间杂草少于经济防除阈值,即可确保杂草造成的减产率低于3%,又能充分发挥杂草在生态系统中的积极作用。     

植物化感作用在农田杂草防除中的应用

杂草是农业生产中的重要问题之一,给农业生产造成巨大损失,长期使用除草剂不仅污染环境,而且杂草易产生抗药性。植物化感作用作为一种天然的生态机制,为防治杂草提供了一种有效的方法。本文就化感作用的基本定义、向自然界的释放途径、利用化感作用控制杂草的方法和植物化感作用在杂草防除中的应用前景进行了论述。     

西花蓟马的生物学习性观察试验

在温室内以粉色玫瑰为寄主植物观察并记录了西花蓟马的部分生物学习性,在恒温箱内记录了在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃4个温度下各虫态的历期,并计算出发育起点温度和有效积温.     

侵染观赏南瓜的黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒的初步鉴定

从广西某农业展示中心观赏南瓜上分离到一种直杆状病毒,长约300nm,该病毒分离物P-3(NN)在测试的葫芦科作物上表现为系统花叶、褪绿斑及明脉症状,在曼陀罗上为局部褪绿斑,在测试的其它茄科作物及豆科和藜科作物上无任何症状反应.其致死温度为95～100℃.经DAC-ELISA测定,P-3(NN)与黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒有密切的血清学关系.根据以上结果,初步鉴定P-3(NN)为黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒(CGMMV)的一个分离物.     

简单、实用、高效的细胞培养技术

通过近几年的实践,笔者对我国兽医生物制品生产中传统的细胞培养工艺进行了一些改进,包括用洗洁精代替其他洗液,用自行研制的营养液代替常规营养液用于细胞培养,改变培养时的转速,改变细胞消化液,改进细胞的保存方法.这些方法均成功应用于生产,取得了良好的效果.