松嫩草原盐碱土细菌多样性分析

以松嫩盐碱草原3种不同盐碱程度的盐碱土为材料,应用高通量测序技术,研究了3种不同程度盐碱土壤的细菌群落结构。结果表明:3种盐碱土的理化性质差异显著(P0.05),pH值、碱化度随着盐碱化程度增加而增大,而碱解氮、速效钾和有机质含量随着盐碱化程度增加而降低;3种盐碱土共获得2841个OTU,分属于39个细菌门,其中酸杆菌门、变形菌门等10个菌门是盐碱土中最主要的细菌门类;轻度盐碱土中酸杆菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为32.28%,中度盐碱土中变形菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为19.87%,重度盐碱土中放线菌门占主导地位,相对丰度为22.57%;RDA分析表明,酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门、广古菌门、TM7等的相对丰度与碱解氮、有机质以及速效钾含量呈正相关,疣微菌门的相对丰度与有效磷含量呈正相关,放线菌门、浮霉菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度与pH值、碱化度呈正相关。     

绿僵菌油悬浮剂与减量化学农药联用对冬玉米草地贪夜蛾的防控效果

杀虫真菌农药安全性高,不易产生抗药性但速效性不足,而化学农药速效性好,大量使用会导致抗性产生。按照化学农药减量原则,采用绿僵菌制剂与噻虫嗪或氯虫苯甲酰胺减量联用方法进行田间防控试验。试验结果显示金龟子绿僵菌对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J.E.Smith）的速效性虽然低于化学药剂组,但持续防控明显优于化学药剂效果。在施用化学农药参考用量的50%时,联用药剂在5、15 d时,草地贪夜蛾幼虫防效得以保持甚至更优。25 d后,防效可分别达到82.60%、77.20%。金龟子绿僵菌与减量化学农药联用,防效优于单独使用金龟子绿僵菌的67.40%。冬玉米茎秆基部喷洒绿僵菌油悬浮剂可以有效感染草地贪夜蛾老熟幼虫/茧蛹,使其带菌入土,助力草地贪夜蛾的绿色防控,降低越冬繁殖地田间虫口基数。     

我国饲草重大病虫鼠害研究进展

为全面了解我国饲草重大病虫鼠害分布和危害,充分掌握其传播扩散规律及其造成的重大经济损失,我们系统分析了我国饲草病害、虫害、鼠害等生物灾害危害情况,总结了国内外饲草病虫鼠害防控现状与研究进展,提出了饲草重大生物灾害的防控对策,为保障饲草产业和草牧业健康发展提供理论支撑。此外,本文还总结了我国饲草病虫鼠害的防控难题,为今后饲草病虫鼠害的研究提供了方向。     

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy activates CREB/BDNF signaling pathway to reduce synaptic damage in hippocampal neurons of Alzheimer disease mice

AIM To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on synaptic damage of hippocampal neurons in APP/PS1 transgenic (TG) mice and its possible mechanism. METHODS The 6-month-old male APP/PS1 TG mice were randomly divided into TG group, HBO group and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) inhibitor H89 group, with 10 mice in each group. Ten male wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice of the same age were used as negative control group (WT group). The mice in HBO and H89 groups were treated with HBO for 6 cycles, while the mice in WT group and TG group were not treated. The learning and memory abilities were observed by Morris water maze. The nesting ability of the mice was detected by nesting test. The Nissl bodies in hippocampal neurons were observed by Nissl staining. The mRNA expression of CREB and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus was detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of synapsin (SYN), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), CREB, phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) and BDNF in the hippocampus were determined by Western blot. RESULTS Compared with WT group, the learning and memory abilities of the mice in TG group were signilficantly reduced (P<0.05). In addition, the nesting score, the number of Nissl bodies in the hippocampal neurons, the mRNA expression of CREB and BDNF, and the protein levels of SYN, PSD95, GAP43, p-CREB and BDNF were also decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with TG group, the learning and memory abilities of the mice in HBO group were improved (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the nesting scores of the mice were significantly increased (P<0.05), the neurons in the hippocampus were arranged neatly, and the number of Nissl bodies, the relative mRNA expression of CREB and BDNF,and the protein levels of SYN, PSD95, GAP43, p-CREB and BDNF were also increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with HBO group, the mice in H89 group had poor learning and memory abilities, lowered nesting scores and decreased number of Nissl bodies. Futhermore, the relative mRNA expression of CREB and BDNF, and the protein levels of SYN, PSD95, GAP43, p-CREB and BDNF were also decreased significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSION HBO improves the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 TG mice, and its mechanism may be related to activating the CREB/BDNF signaling pathway to reduce synaptic damage of hippocampal neurons in mice.     

硫磺对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

以盆栽的试验方式,研究了在老龄苹果园土壤中添加不同量（0、0.1、0.3、0.5 g ? kg-1）的硫磺对土壤微生物环境及再植平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）幼苗的影响,为减轻苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。温室和露地盆栽结果显示：硫磺对改善连作土壤环境及促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长具有良好的效果,但不同添加量促进效果不尽相同,其中以0.3 g ? kg-1的促进效果最为显著。与对照相比,0.3 g ? kg-1的硫磺处理浓度下平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量分别增加了60.83%（26.03%,露地数据,下同）、26.78%（19.66%）、73.44%（62.15%）和93.32%（72.93%）;根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根系呼吸速率提高了1.47倍（1.82倍）、2.28倍（2.05倍）、2.05倍（2.74倍）、1.73倍（1.67倍）、2.12倍（1.98倍）。硫磺处理后叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、土壤酶的活性均有不同程度提高。0.3 g ? kg-1硫磺处理具有最高的细菌与真菌比值、真菌的丰富度和多样性指数及最低的优势度指数。主成分分析发现,随硫磺添加量增加,土壤真菌群落与对照距离越来越远,但当添加量由0.3 g ? kg-1增加至0.5 g ? kg-1对改善连作土壤环境的效果不是特别明显。实时荧光定量结果表明,硫磺的添加可以显著降低串珠镰孢菌基因拷贝数。综上,0.3 g ? kg-1硫磺处理可较好地优化土壤环境,促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,可作为一种减轻苹果连作障碍的有效方法。     

露地栽培番茄斑萎病毒病发生流行规律调查及TSWV重要寄主植物监测

为明确云南省昆明市露地栽培条件下番茄斑萎病毒病的发生流行特征,于2014—2015年采用病害系统调查法结合病毒ELISA及RT-PCR检测方法研究露地栽培条件下由番茄斑萎病毒(tomato spotted wilt virus,TSWV)引起的病毒病发生规律及其重要寄主种类,并研究利用防虫网隔离蓟马对番茄斑萎病毒病的防控效果。结果表明:番茄斑萎病毒病在露地番茄主要种植期3—10月普遍发生,番茄苗期和移栽初期是该病毒病防控的关键期,带毒种苗调运是该病毒病的主要传播途径;田间多种茄科和菊科植物是TSWV的重要中间寄主。在田间,菊科寄主植物油麦菜、莴苣、鬼针草、牛膝菊上TSWV的检出率均较高,在42.53%～81.63%之间;茄科寄主植物中辣椒上TSWV的检出率最高,为41.99%,其次为马铃薯,TSWV检出率为27.78%,在番茄上TSWV的检出率为19.02%,因此生产中应对这些TSWV重要中间寄主给予更多关注和防控。应用防虫网能有效隔离蓟马,使番茄斑萎病毒病发病率和病情指数较对照分别降低了6.44个百分点和5.31,可有效降低番茄苗期及定植期斑萎病毒病的发生。     

基于无人机高光谱遥感的柑橘患病植株分类与特征波段提取

目的 结合传统与现代农业病虫害监测的优缺点,探索通过无人机高光谱遥感技术检测出患病的柑橘植株、通过人工田间调查方式判断其患病种类及患病程度的病虫害监测方法。方法 使用无人机获取原始高光谱图像,经过光谱预处理和特征工程后,采用连续投影算法提取对柑橘患病植株分类贡献值最大的特征波长组合,基于全波段使用BP神经网络和XgBoost算法、基于特征波段使用逻辑回归和支持向量机算法,建立分类模型。结果 基于全波段的BP神经网络和XgBoost算法的ROC曲线下面积(Area under curve,AUC)分别为0.883 0和0.912 0,分类准确率均超过95%;提取出698和762 nm的特征波长组合,基于特征波长使用逻辑回归和支持向量机算法建立的分类模型召回率分别达到了93.00%和96.00%。结论 基于特征波长建模在患病样本分类中表现出很高的准确率,证明了特征波长组合的有效性。本研究结果可为柑橘种植园的病虫害监测提供一定的数据和理论支撑。     

红茶菌的国内外研究现状

红茶菌是以糖茶水为主要原料,经微生物发酵后形成的一种功能性茶饮品。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和保健意识的增强,具有多种保健功效的红茶菌受到国内外研究者的广泛关注,其全球销售量也呈指数增长。本文重点梳理了红茶菌中的微生物组成及其共生关系,概括了原料、培养条件和菌种组成对红茶菌发酵的影响,并归纳了红茶菌在抗氧化、抑菌、护肝、提高免疫力和防癌抗癌方面的保健功能研究。红茶菌生产中,活性大分子的鉴定和形成机制、各菌种的益生效果、发酵罐水平的精准调控、产品稳定性提升等方面还需进行深入研究。另外,本文展望了红茶菌在多个领域的应用前景,以期为红茶菌工业化生产提供参考。     

浙江省哈摇蚊属种类记述

依据浙江省已有标本,详细描述了浙江省短叶哈摇蚊[Harnischia curtilamellata(Malloch,1915)]、截铗哈摇蚊[Harnischia japonica(Hashimoto,1984)]、叶突哈摇蚊[Harnischia tenuitubercula(ChaudhuriChattopadhyay,1990)]和膨铗哈摇蚊[Harnischia turgidula(WangZheng,1993)]等4种哈摇蚊属,并附主要特征图和分种检索表。以上4种均为浙江省新记录种,其中叶突哈摇蚊为中国新记录种。