高温胁迫对高羊茅航天诱变新品系生理特性研究及综合评价

本研究以高羊茅航天诱变新品系和贵州主推的育成品种水城高羊茅和黔草1号高羊茅共11份材料为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,在42 ℃/32 ℃(12 h/12 h)人工气候室进行高温胁迫试验,每4 d测定可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)生理生化指标,并应用隶属函数法和灰色关联度法对其生理指标及11份高羊茅材料耐热性进行综合评价。结果表明,可溶性蛋白质随着高温胁迫时间的延长总体呈下降趋势,SOD、POD、CAT含量随着高温时间的延长总体呈上升趋势。4个生理指标在11份材料间均存在显著性差异。利用隶属函数法对11份高羊茅材料进行综合耐热适应性评价,得出耐热性顺序为:SP5-85>SP5-60>SP5-71>SP5-42>SP5-94>SP5-7>SP5-88>水城高羊茅>SP5-5>SP5-89=黔草1号高羊茅。利用灰色关联性分析法得出各耐热指标与耐热性的关联序为:SOD>CAT>POD>可溶性蛋白质。     

Expression of hLAMP‐1‐Positive Particles During Early Heart Development in the Chick

Heart development requires coordinated activity of various factors, the disturbance of which can lead to congenital heart defects. Heart lectin‐associated matrix protein‐1 (hLAMP‐1) is a matrix protein expressed within Hensen's node at Hamburger–Hamilton (HH) stage 4, in the lateral mesoderm by HH stages 5–6 and enhanced within the left pre‐cardiac field at HH stage 7. At HH stages 15–16, hLAMP‐1 expression is observed in the atrioventricular canal and the outflow tract. Also, the role of hLAMP‐1 in induction of mesenchyme formation in chick heart has been well documented. To further elucidate the role of this molecule in heart development, we examined its expression patterns during HH stages 8–14 in the chick. In this regard, we immunostained sections of the heart during HH stages 8–14 with antibodies specific to hLAMP‐1. Our results showed prominent expression of hLAMP‐1‐positive particles in the extracellular matrix associated with the pre‐cardiac mesoderm, the endoderm, ectoderm as well as neuroectoderm at HH stages 8–9. After formation of the linear heart tube at HH stage 10, the expression of hLAMP‐1‐stained particles disappears in those regions of original contact between the endoderm and heart forming fields due to rupture of the dorsal mesocardium while their expression becomes confined to the arterial and venous poles of the heart tube. This expression pattern is maintained until HH stage 14. This expression pattern suggests that hLAMP‐1 may be involved in the formation of the endocardial tube.     

The Epidemiology and Characteristics of Q fever and Co‐infections with Scrub Typhus,Murine Typhus or Leptospirosis in Taiwan: A Nationwide Database Study

Q fever (QF) is a worldwide zoonosis associated with outbreaks. Only a few nationwide studies regarding the surveillance and epidemiology of human QF have been reported. Although QF is endemic in Taiwan, a nationwide database investigation of the epidemiology and characteristics of QF and its associations with scrub typhus (ST), murine typhus (MT) and leptospirosis (LS) has never been reported. We analysed nationwide databases of suspected QF, ST, MT and LS cases from October 2007 to December 2014 obtained from the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan. A total of 468 (4.2%) QF cases were identified among 11 109 suspected QF cases. QF cases were mainly distributed in the southern and Kaohsiung–Pingtung regions but rarely in the eastern region. Compared to non‐QF cases, QF cases had significantly higher percentages of males (88.7 versus 66.2%) and high‐risk occupations (farming, animal husbandry or veterinary medicine) (16.2 versus 10.5%). But the percentages of specific animal contact, including cattle (0.6 versus 0.8%) and goats (0.9 versus 1.0%), were low in both. The majority of suspected QF cases (89.4%) were simultaneously suspected with ST, MT or LS, and the combinations of suspected diseases differed between regions. The number of suspected QF cases from the eastern region decreased since 2009, which was not observed in other regions. A total of 1420 (12.8%) cases had confirmed diseases, including QF (453, 4.1%), QF+ST (7, 0.06%), QF+MT (4, 0.04%), QF+LS (4, 0.04%), MT (186, 1.7%), ST (545, 4.9%), ST+LS (11, 0.1%) and LS (210, 1.9%). Compared to cases of unknown disease, QF cases had larger percentages of high‐risk occupations (16.2 versus 9.6%) but similar histories of animal contact (29.8 versus 25.1%). QF is an endemic disease in southern Taiwan. It is difficult to differentiate QF from ST, MT or LS only by high‐risk occupations and history of animal contact, and co‐infection of QF with these diseases should be considered.     

Cryopreservation of Ram Semen in Extenders Containing Soybean Lecithin as Cryoprotectant and Hyaluronic Acid as Antioxidant

A soybean lecithin‐based extender supplemented with hyaluronic acid (HA) was assayed for effectiveness to improve the quality of frozen–thawed ram semen. HA has not been tested yet in an extender containing soybean lecithin for freezing ram semen. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of soybean lecithin at 1% or 1.5% along with HA at 0, 0.5 and 1 mg ml^‐1 in a Tris‐based extender on the motion characteristics, membrane integrity (HOST), viability, GSH peroxidase (GSH‐PX) activity, lipid peroxidation and acrosomal status after freezing–thawing. Semen was collected from four Mehraban rams during the breeding season and frozen in the six lecithin×HA extenders. The extender containing 1.5% lecithin supplemented with no HA yielded higher total motility (52.5%±1.6), viability (55.8%±1.6) and membrane integrity (44.5%±1.7), but the effects of the lecithin concentration did not reach signification. Linearity‐related parameters, ALH, BCF, lipid peroxidation, GSH‐PX activity, morphology and acrosomal status were not affected by the extender composition. In general, adding HA significantly decreased sperm velocity (1 mg ml^‐1 HA), total motility (only with 1.5% lecithin), viability (1 mg ml^‐1 HA for 1% lecithin; both concentrations for 1.5% lecithin) and membrane integrity. In conclusion, adding HA to the freezing extender supplemented with soybean lecithin failed to improve quality‐related variables in ram semen. Increasing the lecithin content could have a positive effect, but further studies are needed.     

恩诺沙星完全抗原的合成及兔源多抗血清的制备

为了合成恩诺沙星（enrofloxacin,EFLX）完全抗原,制备兔源多克隆抗体血清,试验通过活化酯法将小分子的EFLX偶联到牛血清白蛋白（BSA）和鸡卵清白蛋白(OVA)上,形成偶联物EFLX-BSA和EFLX-OVA,以EFLX-BSA为免疫原免疫兔,以EFLX-OVA为检测原通过ELISA方法检测兔血清效价。结果表明,免疫兔血清效价都在1∶51200以上,其中2号兔效价最高,达到1∶204800,敏感性好,半数抑制浓度IC₅₀为169.91 ng/mL,检测范围为37.52～302.31 ng/mL。本试验成功制备了EFLX完全抗原,获得了敏感的兔源多克隆抗体血清,为以后ELISA试剂盒和胶体金试纸条的研发奠定了基础。     

Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous and buccal administration in cats,and effects on thermal threshold

This study reports the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine, following i.v. and buccal administration, and the relationship between buprenorphine concentration and its effect on thermal threshold. Buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) was administered intravenously or buccally to six cats. Thermal threshold was determined, and arterial blood sampled prior to, and at various times up to 24 h following drug administration. Plasma buprenorphine concentration was determined using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Compartment models were fitted to the time–concentration data. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models were fitted to the concentration‐thermal threshold data. Thermal threshold was significantly higher than baseline 44 min after buccal administration, and 7, 24, and 104 min after i.v. administration. A two‐ and three‐compartment model best fitted the data following buccal and i.v. administration, respectively. Following i.v. administration, mean ± SD volume of distribution at steady‐state (L/kg), clearance (mL·min/kg), and terminal half‐life (h) were 11.6 ± 8.5, 23.8 ± 3.5, and 9.8 ± 3.5. Following buccal administration, absorption half‐life was 23.7 ± 9.1 min, and terminal half‐life was 8.9 ± 4.9 h. An effect‐compartment model with a simple effect maximum model best predicted the time‐course of the effect of buprenorphine on thermal threshold. Median (range) k_e0 and EC50 were 0.003 (0.002–0.018)/min and 0.599 (0.073–1.628) ng/mL (i.v.), and 0.017 (0.002–0.023)/min and 0.429 (0.144–0.556) ng/mL (buccal).     

温度和食物对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长及繁殖的影响

本试验设3个温度（20、25和30℃）和3个食物浓度（1×106、10×106和20×106 cells/mL）,研究不同温度和不同食物浓度对褶皱臂尾轮虫种群增长及繁殖的影响。试验期为10 d。结果表明,最大种群密度均随温度和食物浓度的升高而先增加后减少。温度为25℃食物浓度为10×106 cells/mL时,最大种群密度为74.39±1.81 ind/mL,与其他组比差异显著（P〈0.05）。随温度升高,轮虫的最大种群密度高峰值出现的时间也呈现逐渐前移的趋势,最大种群增长率则随温度和食物浓度的增加而升高。温度30℃食物20×106 cells/mL时,最大种群增长率为0.70±0.013,与其他组比差异显著（P〈0.05）。食物浓度对轮虫的怀卵率有显著影响,在同一温度下最大怀卵率随食物浓度的升高而增大,食物为20×106 cells/mL的最大怀卵率为56.43±1.07%,与其他浓度组比差异显著（P〈0.05）。在本试验条件下,温度和食物对褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长及繁殖均有显著影响。温度25℃食物浓度10×106 cells/mL为培养条件的最优组合。     

对宁夏某地炭疽疫情的风险评估

2016年5月,宁夏同心县暴发一起羊炭疽疫情,共有4只羊发病死亡。当地相关部门依据《炭疽防治技术规范》,对疫情进行了处置。为降低炭疽疫情再次发生的风险,避免形成新的疫源地,对疫点内不同途径的炭疽杆菌释放风险、疫区内易感动物和养殖户的暴露风险进行了定性评估。结果显示:本次疫情中的一处死亡羊只无害化处理点释放病原的风险高,未知私埋点和自然疫源地的病原释放风险为中等;紧急免疫动物的暴露风险低,但新生羔羊和超过免疫保护期的牛羊存在一定的暴露风险;因当地存在家畜宰杀、放血、剥皮等习俗,牛羊饲养者的暴露风险为中等。根据评估结果,建议对病原释放风险较高的死亡羊只处理点重新进行无害化处理;每年对疫区所有易感动物进行免疫;落实好禁牧政策,严禁私埋病死动物;加大对易感人群炭疽防控知识的宣传教育。