Geosmin causes off‐flavour in arctic charr in recirculating aquaculture systems

The ‘earthy’ and ‘muddy’ off‐flavours in pond‐reared fish are due to the presence of geosmin or 2‐methylisoborneol in the flesh of the fish. Similar off‐flavours have been reported in fish raised in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS); however, little information is available regarding the cause of these off‐flavours. Our hypothesis was that earthy and muddy off‐flavour compounds, found previously in pond‐raised fish, are also responsible for off‐flavours in fish raised in RAS. In this preliminary study, we examined water, biofilms in RAS and fillets from cultured arctic charr known to have off‐flavours and requiring depuration using instrumental [solid‐phase microextraction procedure and gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)] and human sensory analyses. Geosmin was present in the samples taken from the biofilter and on the side walls of the tanks. Two‐methylisoborneol was only found in low levels in the samples. The GC‐MS results indicated the presence of geosmin in the fillets (705 ng kg^?1), but lower levels were found in the water (30.5 ng L^?1). Sensory analyses also detected an earthy flavour (i.e., geosmin presence) in the fillets, and, therefore, it appears that geosmin is the main compound responsible for the off‐flavour in RAS. Further studies are being performed to identify the microorganisms responsible for geosmin production in RAS.     

The role of dietary methionine concentrations on growth,metabolism and N‐retention in cobia (Rachycentron canadum) at elevated water temperatures

This study determined impacts of dietary methionine concentrations at two temperatures on growth, feeding efficiency and N‐metabolites in juvenile cobia. Methionine concentrations of the experimental diets were deficient (M9; 9 g/kg), sufficient (M12; 12 g/kg) and surplus (M16, 16 g/kg). Water temperature was normal (30°C) or elevated (34°C). Twenty cobia in triplicate tanks were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. Both methionine and temperature affected cobia's growth and feeding efficiency. Cobia fed M9 performed lower than the fish fed M12 and M16 diets. Additionally, cobia reared at 34°C performed poorer than at 30°C, probably due to lower voluntary feed intake in the fish reared at 34°C. Protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value in cobia fed M9 diet were less than M12 or M16 diets. This was confirmed with the improved retentions of indispensable amino acids (AAs). No interactions between methionine and temperature were observed in growth and protein accretion. At 30°C, CF improved, while HSI and VSI declined upon methionine supplementation levels. Of which an interaction between temperature and methionine was present. Plasma, muscle and liver free AA and N‐metabolites were affected by methionine and temperature. Furthermore, temperature affected cobia's lipid class composition, resulting in increased phospholipids and cholesterol at 34°C.     

Effects of no‐take area size and age of marine protected areas on fisheries yields: a meta‐analytical approach

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are often promoted as tools for biodiversity conservation as well as for fisheries management. Despite increasing evidence of their usefulness, questions remain regarding the optimal design of MPAs, in particular concerning their function as fisheries management tools, for which empirical studies are still lacking. Using 28 data sets from seven MPAs in Southern Europe, we developed a meta‐analytical approach to investigate the effects of protection on adjacent fisheries and asking how these effects are influenced by MPA size and age. Southern European MPAs showed clear effects on the surrounding fisheries, on the ‘catch per unit effort’ (CPUE) of target species, but especially on the CPUE of the marketable catch. These effects depended on the time of protection and on the size of the no‐take area. CPUE of both target species and the marketable catch increased gradually by 2–4% per year over a long time period (at least 30 years). The influence of the size of the no‐take area appeared to be more complex. The catch rates of the entire fishery in and around the MPA were higher when the no‐take areas were smaller. Conversely, catch rates of selected fisheries that were expected to benefit most from protection increased when the no‐take area was larger. Our results emphasize the importance of MPA size on its export functions and suggest that an adequate, often extended, time frame be used for the management and the evaluation of effectiveness of MPAs.     

投喂频率对凡纳滨对虾生长和水质的影响

研究了不同投喂频率(1,2,3,4和5次·d-1)对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活率和水质的影响。试验在室内2m3的圆形水泥池(d=1.6m)中进行,采用全封闭养殖模式,凡纳滨对虾(初始重量为0.24g)养殖密度为50尾·m-3,投喂人工配合饲料(粗蛋白含量为42.98%)。通过7周的试验,结果表明,投喂频率为1～4次·d-1时,随着投喂频率的增加,对虾增重率显著增加;投喂频率由4次·d-1增加到5次·d-1时,对虾增重率略有增加,但差异不显著。凡纳滨对虾的成活率在1次·d-1时最低,2次·d-1时最高,2～5次·d-1时随着投喂频率的增加而降低(投喂频率为1和2次·d-1之间、3和4次·d-1之间差异显著)。投喂频率为3次·d-1时饲料系数最低,蛋白质效率最高。随着投喂频率1～3次·d-1增加,饲料系数逐渐显著降低,蛋白质效率显著递增;而投喂频率从3～5次·d-1增加时,饲料系数增大,蛋白质效率逐渐下降(3和4次·d-1差异显著;4和5次·d-1之间差异不显著)。投喂频率对水环境中的pH值、H2S含量、COD、盐度等水质指标没有显著影响;在养殖后期水环境中投喂频率3～5次·d-1的NH 4和NO-2浓度较投喂频率1～2次·d-1时高。     

基于植被覆盖率的农村居民点整理潜力估算及实证

为合理估算农村居民点整理潜力,该文提出基于植被覆盖率的农村居民点整理潜力测算新思路。借助植被覆盖率对农村居民点斑块进行分类,通过分析抽样农村居民点斑块的植被覆盖与内部用地结构得到整理潜力修正系数,从而建立基于植被覆盖率修正的农村居民点整理潜力估算模型,并以北京市门头沟区为例展开实证研究。研究结果表明,门头沟区无整理潜力的农村居民点占大多数,具有整理潜力的农村居民点主要集中在经济相对落后的乡镇,并且这部分农村居民点多远离主干道;山区具有中、高整理潜力的农村居民点略多于平原、浅山区,而低整理潜力的农村居民点明显多于平原、浅山区;门头沟区规划整理的农村居民点内部包含有大量农用地,其中建设用地比例只占63.19%～71.54%,但是,第二次土地调查将整个农村居民点都作为建设用地调绘;因而,一些不考虑植被覆盖修正的农村居民点整理潜力测算方法夸大了整理潜力,放大了城乡建设用地增减挂钩的效果。该文为进一步合理估算农村居民点整理理论潜力提供参考。     

77份文心兰种质资源表型性状遗传多样性分析

对文心兰77份种质资源的28个表型性状进行测定与评价,通过相关性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析获得其表型遗传多样性.结果表明:21个数量性状的遗传多样性指数均值达1.85,变化区间为1.36～2.07,其中数值最大为株幅(2.07);在7个质量形状中,除叶色性状外的其他表型性状的多样性指数均大于1,均值为1.23,最大表现...     

粳型水稻显性半矮秆突变体的发现与初步研究

 在中粳杂交组合“M9056 × R8018选”的F6 选种圃中，发现半矮秆突变单株。以纯合半矮秆单株为父、母本， 与稳定野生型高秆单株进行正、反杂交。种植 P1 、P2 、F1、F2 世代群体。结果表明F1 植株与半矮秆亲本基本相同， 仍然表现半矮秆。 说明该半矮秆突变材料的矮生性表达为显性， 无细胞质效应。F2 群体植株株高性状发生分离，其分离比符合一对等位基因的遗传模式，说明该半矮秆材料的矮生性表达受一对核基因控制。     

头孢氨苄对斑节对虾幼体发育及育苗水体细菌数量的影响

研究了不同浓度头孢氨苄(Cefalexin)对斑节对虾Penaeusmonodon幼体发育以及对斑节对虾育苗水体中异养菌总数和弧菌数量的影响。在试验初期,无论是对照组还是施用头孢氨苄的各试验组,育苗水体中的总异养菌数量和弧菌数量都呈现出较为明显的上升趋势;在第二次施用头孢氨苄后,各试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量的增幅明显低于对照组(或出现异养菌总数和弧菌数量缓慢下降),而对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量则呈现显著的上升。施用0.5～1.0μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌有显著的杀灭及抑制作用,但对弧菌数量杀灭及抑制作用并不显著;施用1.5μL·L-1头孢氨苄对育苗水体中的总异养菌和弧菌数量的杀灭及抑制作用显著。当幼体变态发育至仔虾第8天(P8)时,对照组异养菌总数和弧菌数量分别达6.33×105和3.55×104CFU·mL-1,均远远高于试验组的异养菌总数和弧菌数量增长的幅度。试验组的幼体变态到P1期的时间,比对照组缩短了10h以上;试验组的成苗率也比对照组提高了3.2%～13.1%。     

Genetic and antigenic characterization of the surface lipoprotein P48 of Mycoplasma bovis

The presence of a membrane lipoprotein homologous to the P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae was investigated in different Mycoplasma bovis isolates selected by geographical locations and biological properties. Its potential as a diagnostic tool was also discussed. The presence of a specific signal observed in all M. bovis field isolates probed with a rabbit antiserum raised against the M. agalactiae recombinant P48 demonstrated that this protein is structurally and antigenically conserved within the M. bovis cluster. No signal was detected when testing six different mycoplasma species found in cattle. The p48 gene was identified by PCR approach and partially sequenced. Full length gene sequence was obtained by direct bacterial chromosome sequencing. Five UGAs were selectively mutated into UGG and the full length mutated gene, lacking the signal peptide, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant antigen (r-P48) was evaluated as a potential marker of infection using a panel of 86 well-characterized sera from experimentally and naturally infected cattle. Specific IgM antibodies were detected within 6-9 days after experimental infection followed by an IgG response lasting from the third/fourth week after contact. Although antibody titers were well below those observed in sheep or goats infected with M. agalactiae, results suggest that M. bovis r-P48 can be used as a specific marker of infection.     

半胱胺的生物学作用及应用

半胱胺具有多种生物学功能,如耗竭生长抑素,影响糖、蛋白质和脂肪的代谢,抗氧化和氧化作用,提高免疫功能。本文综述了半胱胺的生物学功能和应用情况。