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51.
Summary The invasive potential of a species can be assessed by propagule pressure, which measures the chances for propagules of a
species to find a suitable habitat for establishment and reproduction. Seeds, fruits, and vegetative structures that contribute
to the propagule pressure are morphologically, physiologically and genetically different from one another, thus each kind
should have a specific way of contributing to a successful invasion. In this paper we review plant traits that contribute
to the propagule pressure. Seed production provides an estimate of the potential multiplication rate of the weed. However,
it is gap-sensing mechanisms of seeds based on dormancy termination and germination requirements, which significantly contribute
to the naturalization and invasion processes assuring a successful seedling establishment in environments of high competition.
Dispersal of propagules reduces competition, mating with a sibling, and subsequent inbreeding depression, and increases colonization
opportunities and range of expansion. Some of those benefits can be achieved in a population by existence of dormancy mechanisms
and thus, the existence of a seed bank. Finally, vegetative propagation may ensure expansion of local populations when seedling
establishment is low. Broadening the scope of traits that are considered in the breeding programs aimed at commercial production
of plant propagules, to include those related to propagule pressure, is essential for adequate evaluation of invasive potential. 相似文献
52.
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54.
C.M. Morvillo E.B. de la Fuente A. Gil M.A. Martínez-Ghersa J.L. González-Andújar 《European Journal of Agronomy》2011,34(4):211-221
Annual wormwood interference on soybean crop growth and yield may result from competition and allelopathy, which are modulated by crop management. Allelochemicals released by annual wormwood (e.g. artemisinin) may affect the crop directly or indirectly through the effect on the nitrogen fixing symbiont, Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The objectives were (i) to quantify the crop response (i.e. biomass production, nodulation and yield) to weed interference and (ii) to determinate the relative change of competition and allelopathy interferences, when a sublethal dose of herbicide is applied. Two split plot field experiments with three replications were used. The experiment involved a factorial combination of five weed–crop density (soybean/annual wormwood, plants m?2) levels: D1, pure soybean, 40/0 plants m?2; D2, 40/2 plants m?2; D3, 40/4 plants m?2 and D4, 40/8 plants m?2, and D5, pure annual wormwood, 0/8 plants m?2, two activated carbon (allelopathy) levels: C?, with activated carbon (reduced allelopathy) and C+, non activated carbon applied (with allelopathy) and two herbicide levels: H?, untreated and H+, treated with a sub-lethal dose of glyphosate. Activated carbon to adsorb allelochemicals (with and without activated carbon) and glyphosate application (with and no herbicide) were assigned to sub-plots. Increasing weed density did not affect crop biomass at flowering, but changed nodule number and soybean yield with a different pattern depending on carbon and herbicide treatment. Relative crop yield decreased with increasing relative weed biomass. This decrease was particularly drastic when allelopathy was reduced by activated carbon and without herbicide application. The maximum yield losses of 33% in 2006 and 17% in 2007 were observed with the highest weed density (8 plants m?2). In contrast, without carbon (high allelopathy level), soybean yield remained stable within the explored range of annual wormwood biomass, despite the fact that weed biomass at high densities (D4) was high enough to generate competition. The lack of response to increasing weed density could be related to the indirect effect of allelochemicals interacting with soil microorganisms (i.e. B. japonicum) that positively affected the nodulation (e.g. larger nodules in 2006 and increased nodules biomass due to higher number of roots in 2007 at high densities). With herbicide application, soybean yield of both carbon treatments remained stable when biomass of annual wormwood increased. This research provided strong evidence in support of the existence of positive effect of allelopathic and competitive interactions between annual wormwood and soybean crop under field conditions that may be overridden under herbicide application. 相似文献
55.
FDI in Space Revisited: The Role of Spillovers on Foreign Direct Investment within the European Union 下载免费PDF全文
Luisa Alamá‐Sabater Benedikt Heid Eduardo Jiménez‐Fernández Laura Márquez‐Ramos 《Growth and change》2017,48(3):390-408
We estimate a spatial econometric interaction model for bilateral aggregate FDI stock data between 25 European Union member countries in 2010. We find evidence for spatial spillovers of foreign direct investment for three different types of spatial dependence. Our results document FDI spillovers between neighboring countries of FDI origin countries, neighboring countries of FDI destination countries as well as between neighboring countries of both FDI origin and destination countries. Relying on recently developed methods, we provide the first model‐consistent interpretation of marginal effects of market size (measured by GDP) as well as GDP per capita on bilateral FDI activity. Our research highlights the importance of taking into account spatial lags when estimating bilateral FDI gravity models. 相似文献
56.
The influence of a fire retardant (Firesorb, an acrylic–acrylamide copolymer) on the microbial community structure determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was examined under laboratory conditions using two different textured soils under pine forest. Firesorb was added to unheated and heated soil samples (350°C for 10 min followed by reinoculation, to mimic a forest fire) at three levels of application (none, usual and three times the usual levels), and measurements were made after 12 weeks of incubation. The relative importance of the three factors considered on the PLFA profiles was as follows: soil heating ≫ soil texture ≈ Firesorb treatment. In the unheated soils, Firesorb had a larger effect than soil texture, while the opposite was found in the heated soils. Soil heating reduced the total PLFAs, while Firesorb tended to increase them in both the unheated and heated soils. Soil heating decreased the PLFAs indicative of gram-positive (G+) bacteria and tended to increase the fatty acids associated with gram-negative (G−) bacteria and, to a lesser extent, the PLFA 18:2ω6, considered to be predominantly of fungal origin. Firesorb treatment decreased the G−/G+ bacteria ratio in the heated soils but tended to increase it in the unheated soils, the effect being dose dependent. 相似文献
57.
Ana Flavia Camara Bezerra Laura Hecker de Carvalho Wilma Sales Cavalcanti Antonio Gilson Barbosa 《Fibers and Polymers》2016,17(11):1908-1915
Composites were prepared with 13, 23 30 and 40 % fiber and evaluated the mechanical performance in tensile, flexural and impact. The mechanical properties of these composites were also evaluated function of time at 110 °C thermal exposure. Caroa fibers were characterized by techniques such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the best mechanical properties were achieved for composites containing 23 to 30 % fiber. The incorporation of 23 % fiber caroa increased both the modulus of elasticity in the tensile test as the flexural strength and impact, the composite with 30 % fiber caroa showed higher tensile strength. The results show that the tensile and flexural strength of the composite decreased with time of thermal exposure. The thermal aging at 110 °C caused a decrease in tensile properties of the composites. 相似文献
58.
Raúl E. Cian Silvina R. Drago Fermín Sánchez de Medina Olga Martínez-Augustin 《Marine drugs》2015,13(8):5358-5383
Based on their composition, marine algae, and namely red seaweeds, are good potential functional foods. Intestinal mucosal barrier function refers to the capacity of the intestine to provide adequate containment of luminal microorganisms and molecules. Here, we will first outline the component of seaweeds and will summarize the effects of these on the regulation of mucosal barrier function. Special attention will be paid to unique components of red seaweeds: proteins and derived peptides (e.g., phycobiliproteins, glycoproteins that contain “cellulose binding domains”, phycolectins and the related mycosporine-like amino acids) together with polysaccharides (e.g., floridean starch and sulfated galactans, such as carrageenans, agarans and “dl-hybrid”) and minerals. These compounds have been shown to exert prebiotic effects, to regulate intestinal epithelial cell, macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and to modulate the immune response. Molecular mechanisms of action of peptides and polysaccharides are starting to be elucidated, and evidence indicating the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), Toll-like receptors (TLR) and signal transduction pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB or AKT), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) will also be summarized. The need for further research is clear, but in vivo experiments point to an overall antiinflammatory effect of these algae, indicating that they can reinforce membrane barrier function. 相似文献
59.
Maria Laura Brignoli Paolo Espa Ramon J. Batalla 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2017,17(8):2187-2201