Relationship between intervertebral joint morphology and mobility in the equine thoracolumbar spine

The anatomical features of 21 equine thoracolumbar spines, obtained from horses with clinically normal backs, were examined and the results compared with recent data on the mobility of the joint complexes of the horse's spine. The thoracolumbar spine can be divided into four regions based upon the morphology of the joint complexes: the first thoracic intervertebral joint (T1-2), the cranial and mid thoracic region (T2-T16), the caudal thoracic and lumbar region (T16-L6) and the lumbosacral joint. The mobility of the intervertebral joints in each of these regions can be related to their morphology, particularly the shape, size and orientation of the articular facets and the presence and frequent fusion of the lateral joints of the lumbar spine. The shape and thickness of the intervertebral discs also appear to be of importance.     

中国水稻白叶枯病菌群体结构的初步分析

 用两个DNA探针pJEL101和pBSavrxa10，测定了78个来自18个地区的水稻白叶枯病菌系的RFLP型，其中主要来自华北、东北和少数来自华中、华南，以分析其群体结构和遗传多样性。各菌系的基因组DNA分别用限制性内切酶EcoR I和BamH I酶切探针pJEL101或pBSavrxa10。通过分子杂交，分别鉴定出16种RFLP型。病原型1、2和6的多数来自华北和东北菌系表现14种RFLP型。它们之间多数只有一带之差，或有3～4个带位不同。然而，它们与来自广东和云南的菌系相比，差别较大，有7～8条带位不同。根据参试菌系的RFLP带型分簇（Cluster），如以彼此之间的带位相似率达85%为界，可分为6簇，多数病原型1、2和6的菌系为簇1，少数几个菌系，LN43、GD1358和YN5分别为簇4、5和6。参试的菌系群体遗传变异为0.77（pJEL101）和0.83（pBSavrxa10）。也分析了亚群体的各病原型内的遗传变异，初步分析表明中国的水稻白叶枯病菌系的遗传变异多种多样。但尚需测试更多的来自华南；华中和西南地区的菌系，方能较系统地分析全国菌系的群体结构及其遗传关系。     

RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF CONFIRMED PULMONARY LYMPHOMA IN CATS AND DOGS

Herein we describe the thoracic radiographic appearance of confirmed pulmonary lymphoma. Patients with thoracic radiographs and cytologically or histologically confirmed pulmonary lymphoma were sought by contacting American College of Veterinary Radiology members. Seven cats and 16 dogs met the inclusion criteria, ranging in age from 4 to 15 years. Method of diagnosis was via ultrasound‐guided cytology (four), surgical biopsy (two), ultrasound‐guided biopsy (one), and necropsy (16). Radiographic findings varied but ranged from normal (one) to alveolar (six) and/or unstructured interstitial infiltrates (11), nodules and/or masses (eight), and bronchial infiltrates (four). Additional thoracic radiographic findings included pleural effusion and lymphadenopathy. The results of this evaluation indicate a wide variability in thoracic radiographic abnormalities in cats and dogs with pulmonary lymphoma.     

Comparative studies on graminicide-resistant and susceptible biotypes of Eleusine indica

A putative graminicide-resistant biotype of E. indica (L.) Gaertn. and a wild (graminicide sus ceptible) biotype were compared with regard to their growth, development and resistance to ary-loxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides in controlled environment studies. The resistant biotype produced much lower amounts of shoot biomass (46% less) but flow ered earlier and allocated a higher proportion and amount of biomass into seed-bearing struc tures compared with the wild type. The resistant biotype survived the application of 50 g a.i. ha^?1 of clethodim, tralkoxydim, sethoxydim, fluazi-fop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl and diclofop methyl with the greatest resistance being shown to the aryloxyphenoxypropionates. At rates of >1000 g a.i. ha^?1, tralkoxydim achieved superior con trol to that of fluazifop-butyl. Even at rates of 4000 g a.i. ha^?1, some 50% of the resistant test plants survived the application of fluazifop-bu-tyl. The trait for graminicide resistance did not appear to be strongly heritable, as assessed by the growth and survival of a graminicide-treated F₁ population grown in isolation. It is concluded that widespread graminicide resistance in E. in dica is unlikely to develop from this biotype. Études comparatives de biotypes d'Eleusine indicata résistant et sensible aux herbicides à action antigraminée Un biotype d'Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., supposé résistant aux herbicides à action antigraminée, a été comparé en conditions contrôlées à un biotype sauvage (sensible) en ce qui concerne la croissance, le développement et la résistance aux herbicides aryoxyphénoxypropioniques et cyclohexanediones. Le biotype résistant produisait beaucoup moins de biomasse aérienne (-46%) mais fleurissait plus tôt et attribuait aux structures porteuses de graines une proportion et une quantité plus importantes de biomasse. Le biotype résistant survivait à un traitement à la dose 50 g ha^?1 de clethodime, de tralkoxydime, de séthoxydime, de fluazifop-butyle. de fénoxaprop-éthyle et de diclofop-méthyle, la plus grande résistance se manifestant à l'égard des aryloxyphénoxypropioniques. à des doses >1000 g m.a. ha^?1, le tralkoxydime était plus efficace que le fluazifop-butyle. Même à des doses 4000 g m.a. ha^?1, environ 50% des plantes résistantes survivaient à un traitement au fluazifop-butyle. Le caractère conférant la résistance aux herbicides à action antigraminée n'a pas montré de forte héritabilité, celle-ci étant estimée par la croissance et la survie d'une population F₁ traitée aux herbicides à action antigraminée et cultivée en isolement. En conclusion, il est peu probable qu'une résistance aux herbicides à action antigraminée se répande chez E. indicaà partir de ce biotype. Untersuchungen an Graminizid-resistenten und -toleranten Biotypen von Eleusine indica An einem wahrscheinlich Graminizid-resistenten und einem toleranten Biotyp von Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. wurden Wachstum, Entwicklung und Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Aryloxyphenoxypropionat- und Cyclohexandion-Her-biziden unter kontrollierten Bedingungen untersucht. Der resistente Biotyp hatte eine viel geringere Sproßbiomasse (46 % weniger), blühte aber früher und lagerte in die samenbildenden Organe einen größeren Anteil und Menge der Biomasse ein. Der resistente Biotyp überstand Behandlungen mit 50 g AS ha^?1 Clethodim, Tralkoxydim, Sethoxydim, Fluazi-fop-butyl, Fenoxaprop-ethyl und Diclofop-methyl. wobei die höchste Resistenz gegen die Aryloxyphenoxyproprionate bestand. Bei Aufwandmengen von >1000 g AS ha^?1 war die Bekämpfung mit Tralkoxydim besser als mit Fluazifop-butyl. Selbst bei Aufwandmengen von 4000 g AS ha^?1 Fluazifop-butyl lag die Wirkung auf die resistenten Pflanzen bei 50 %. Die Graminizidresistenz wurde nicht sicher vererbt, wie sich bei Untersuchungen des Wachstums und der Resitenz an F₁-Populationen zeigte, und eine weite Ausbreitung der Graminizidresistenz von diesem Biotyp aus wird bei Eleusine indica für wenig wahrscheinlich gehalten.     

Life Threatening Complication Associated with Anesthesia in a Dog with Masticatory Muscle Myositis

Objective— To report a serious complication in a dog with masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) that occurred during general anesthesia for diagnostic testing.
Study Design— Case report.
Animals— A 2-year-old male Pug.
Methods— MMM was diagnosed in a Pug with a 2-week history of trismus by electrodiagnostics, histopathology, and 2M antibody test. During anesthesia tongue protrusion occurred and because of trismus, an inability to reposition the tongue resulted in venous congestion and severe swelling. Forceful physical attempts and subsequent removal of the rostral digastricus and masseter muscle attachments from the mandible did not increase jaw mobility. Mandibular symphysiotomy was necessary to resolve lingual venous congestion and to reposition the tongue into the oral cavity.
Results— Tongue swelling rapidly subsided after symphysiotomy allowing the tongue to be repositioned into the oral cavity. After treatment of MMM with corticosteroids, jaw range of motion improved and at 6 months was ∼70% normal.
Conclusions— Trismus could not be overcome by detachment of the masseter and digastricus muscle insertions from the mandible, and symphysiotomy was required to reposition the tongue in the oral cavity.  

Clinical Relevance—

In dogs with MMM, tongue position should be monitored during anesthesia to avoid inadvertent protrusion and swelling from venous congestion. Use of anesthetic monitoring equipment on the tongue, such as a pulse oximeter probe, should be avoided in these patients.