Ecotourist trail-use affects the taxonomic,functional and phylogenetic diversity of mammals in a protected area: lessons for conservation management

Ecotourism, by definition, aims to engage peoples’ interest in wildlife and the environment. The use of tourist roads and trails to access sites within protected areas (PAs) can detrimentally affect the behavior and distribution of species. The way mammals respond to anthropogenic pressures may differ across taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic groups; nevertheless, how ecotourist trail-use affects these different diversity remains under-investigated. Here, we assessed 6 metrics of taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity for a mammal community in a PA in central China, recording how Trail use (using Trail type as a proxy) and habitat variables affected sightings and signs of mammals across 60 replicate 0.5 km transects. We then examined how Trail use affected the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity indices of species (>1 kg). Using generalized liner mixed modeling, we identified that more used trail types had a greater adverse effect on all diversity richness indices than did less used trail types. Consequently, tourist pressure was associated with a general tendency to homogenize the site's mammal community. In contrast, the effects of Trail Types on all diversity evenness indices were non-significant. Furthermore, more developed and more heavily used trail types had a greater, significant negative effect on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic richness, whereas these richness indices were unaffected by minor trail types, used less intensively. As a general principle, lower biodiversity indices reduce ecosystem resilience, and so it is vital to better understand these responses to balance public access against biodiversity management in PAs.     

20份紫花苜蓿在上海崇明地区的综合适应性研究

对20份紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)品种(系)在上海崇明地区的综合适应性进行评价比较,测定并分析了生育周期和株高、生长速度、草产量4项田间生长特性,并研究了裹包青贮苜蓿产品的粗蛋白、ADF、NDF等营养指标。结果表明:20份供试材料在上海崇明的生育期为185~191d;不同供试材料的田间生长特性存在差异(P0.05),株高表现为第二茬第三茬第一茬第四茬第五茬,生长速度表现为第二茬第三茬第五茬第四茬第一茬,草产量表现为第一茬第二茬第四茬第三茬第五茬;品种Super7的株高和生长速度在5次刈割时都明显高于其他试验材料,其累计株高为325.23cm,累计生长速度为每天6.36cm,丰宝累计草产量最高为61100.37kg·hm-2;20份供试材料随着刈割时间的变化,不同品种间的粗蛋白、ADF和NDF存在显著性差异(P0.05),猎人河平均蛋白含量最高达到18.82%,赛迪的RFV高达139.58%。综合评价结果显示,WL903、游客和Super7在上海地区的适应性和饲用价值较优,有推广的潜力。     

布鲁氏菌鉴定和检测方法研究进展

布鲁氏菌是重要的人畜共患病病原菌，其鉴定和检测方法受到国内外的普遍重视。本文对近年来布鲁菌DNA同源性及其内切酶图谱分析、血清学检测、PCR扩增、核酸探针杂交等鉴定、检测方法进行了综述，并展望了分子生物学技术在布鲁氏菌快速、准确鉴定、检测中的良好前景。     

Sampling and Investigating Zearalenone Contamination of Feeds and Feedstuffs of Pig Farms in Beijing Area

本研究采用免疫亲和柱高效液相色谱法测定了北京地区猪场饲料原料及全价饲料中玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的含量,以了解北京地区饲料中ZEN的污染情况.试验抽样采集北京市昌平区、大兴区、延庆区、平谷区、顺义区5个区县15个猪场131份饲料样[55份玉米、豆粕、麸皮、干酒糟及其可溶物( DDGS)原料,76份猪全价饲料]进行ZEN含量的测定.结果表明:玉米、豆粕、麸皮、DDGS和全价饲料中ZEN的检出率分别为100.00％、54.45％、100.00％、100.00％和58.88％,超标率分别为0.00％、0.00％、0.00％、41.18％和0.00％,平均含量分别为109.08、9.19、14.92、882.68和58.88 μg/kg.结果提示,不同饲料原料中ZEN含量存在差异,DDGS中ZEN平均含量超标,猪全价饲料及玉米、豆粕等饲料原料中ZEN平均含量均未超标.     

浅谈后备肉用种兔的选留及饲养管理技术

种兔是商品肉兔生产的基础,每年必须补充新的后备种兔进入繁殖群,以保障较高的生产水平与经济效益。介绍了后备兔的引进、选留及饲养管理,以期为我国养兔生产提供一定的参考。     

Genome-wide Association Study on Alive Litter Size Trait in Bama Xiang Pigs

In order to identify the molecular markers related to alive litter size of Bama Xiang pigs,the genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to map and screen the candidate genes affecting the alive litter size trait.Ear tissue samples of 297 Bama Xiang pigs with multiple parity records were collected,and DNA was extracted and genotyped by porcine 50K SNP beadchip.After quality control and genotype imputation,the alive litter size of Bama Xiang pigs were GWAS by Tassel.The results showed that the average number born alive per litter of Bama Xiang pigs increased gradually with the increasing of parity in the range of 1-9 parities.A total of 32 816 SNPs were obtained after quality control and filtration.8 SNPs related to alive litter size of Bama Xiang pigs were screened by genome-wide association analysis,which were significant at genome or chromosome level.Based on the enrichment analysis of the coding genes in the region between 500 kb upstream and downstream of the associated significant SNP loci,and the QTL regions and gene functions related to porcine reproductive traits,4 genes (CAPZB,MSH3,CITED2 and HSD17B7) were finally identified to be candidate genes related to alive litter size of Bama Xiang pigs.     

四川省一些实验动物养殖场SPF大鼠和小鼠肠内容物中金黄色葡萄球菌的检测

调查四川省一些实验动物养殖场的实验动物中金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus,SA)携带情况,找出传播途径和进化规律,分析其污染原因,为保障实验动物质量提供技术支撑。按照GB/T 14926.14-2001《实验动物金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法》对2011年-2017年四川省部分实验动物中SA进行检测,对分离的SA菌株进行PCR耐药基因mecA检测,并应用金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(Staphylococcus protein A,SPA)和脉冲场电泳(pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)进行分子分型。结果显示,2011年-2017年共从7家实验动物养殖场采集并完成370只实验动物中SA的检测,共检出SA 31株,总分离率为12.16%,且均从SPF大鼠中分离所得。31株SA的mecA基因均为阴性。SPA可分成5个型别,其中T2360为优势型别,PFGE型别有10个带型。四川省养殖实验动物中仅SPF大鼠携带SA,不同年份检出SA基因型别基本不同,不同养殖场同一年检出的SA具有相同基因型,说明不同养殖场中的SA可能来自同一污染源,应加强SPF大鼠监控,以确保实验动物的质量。     

发酵花生秧对番鸭生产性能、屠宰性能、血清生化指标及鸭粪常规成分的影响

本研究旨在探究发酵花生秧的营养价值及其对番鸭生产性能、屠宰性能、生化指标及鸭粪污染指标的影响,探讨利用发酵花生秧进行番鸭节粮养殖的可行性。选取15日龄的公番鸭360只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂90%基础日粮+10%发酵花生秧,试验Ⅱ组饲喂85%基础日粮+15%发酵花生秧,试验Ⅲ组饲喂80%基础日粮+20%发酵花生秧,预饲期7 d,正式试验期48 d,测定并计算各组番鸭的生产性能、屠宰性能及各脏器指数,同时采集各组番鸭的血清、肌肉及新鲜粪样,测定血清生化指标及鸭粪常规成分的变化情况。结果表明,①与未发酵的花生秧相比,发酵后的花生秧粗蛋白质、钙水平分别上升31.82%（P<0.01）、97.40%（P<0.01）;粗纤维、磷及水分含量分别下降2.35%（P<0.05）、20.69%（P<0.05）、53.23%（P<0.01）,营养价值得到提升。②与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组料重比分别下降6.51%（P<0.01）、6.84%（P<0.01）;试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的腿肌率分别上升20.50%（P<0.05）、25.55%（P<0.05）、9.27%（P>0.05）;肝脏指数分别上升9.90%（P>0.05）、12.23%（P<0.05）、3.18%（P>0.05）;肌胃指数分别上升17.70%（P<0.05）、30.82%（P<0.05）、36.66%（P<0.05）;腺胃指数分别上升1.37%（P>0.05）、32.99%（P<0.05）、36.43%（P<0.05）;③发酵花生秧可影响番鸭血清中TP、ALB、GLB、A/G、ALT、AST、AST/ALT、UREA、UA、CRE含量;与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组鸭粪中的总氮、磷、钾、水分含量均呈下降趋势。综上,10%、20%发酵花生秧饲料能显著提高番鸭的生产性能,明显降低增重成本,对番鸭的产肉性能无明显影响,但可能对其肝脏功能、肾脏功能、免疫功能有一定的影响。     

一年生苜蓿种质资源形态变异及其形态特征

以22份一年生苜蓿为材料,对生育期和外部形状进行观测和统计分析,并对形态类型加以聚类分析。结果表明：（1）一年生苜蓿的茎为直立或匍匐,茎高在7．0～30．7cm,3出羽状复叶,种子为黄色、肾形。生育期在95—140d,从生育天数可分为早熟型和晚熟型;（2）一年生苜蓿种内变异很大,其中主茎长度和自然高度的变异系数最大,分别为43．0％和42．9％。其次是叶长和叶宽,变异系数分别为33．3％和30．0％。而第2主茎长度变异系数是27．6％,伸展长度变异系数22．1％;（3）对一年生苜蓿在干旱地区和高寒地区的生长状况的比较发现,一年生苜蓿更适应于干旱地区的生长;（4）一年生苜蓿的主茎长度越长,第2主茎长度越长,自然高度越高,伸展长度越长,叶长和叶宽也越长;（5）通过形态类型的聚类分析,可将一年生苜蓿分为3个类型,直立型,匍匐型和低矮型。