Conservation and the low population density of invertebrates inside neotropical rain forest

Counts of invertebrates by sweep-netting and beating the stratum of rain forest vegetation between 6 in (15 cm) and 6 ft (1·8 m) have been made during rainy season conditions in N. Brasil and on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal, the latter from measured volumes of habitat. This work has been repeated on BCI during the dry season. The average population densities of total catches were 0·97 m³ for rainy season and 1·09 m³ for dry season. Species diversity was very high, therefore numbers per species extremely low. It is suggested that such low population density brings hazards of local extinction, and that the maintenance of such a system depends on the existence of extensive habitat from which recolonisation can occur. If this is so, reserves in rain forest will have to be very large, to ensure long-term survival of many of the invertebrate species.     

Investigation,evaluation, and priority ranking of natural areas

Texas experience suggests that amateur naturalists will be heavily involved in preliminary ecological surveys of natural areas, hence a simple key for identification of community-types is presented. Line intercept transects are suggested for amateur use in providing standardised quantitative data on the physiognomy of natural areas. A scheme for the evaluation of each area utilises the weighted values of climax condition, educational suitability, species significance, community representation, and human impact through multiplicative scoring to give a natural area score. With the weighted values-multiplicative scoring scheme, natural areas are clearly distinguished in priority for acquisition.     

Estimating the abundance and diversity of butterflies

Concern about the apparent decline in butterfly populations has led to projects designed to obtain quantitative information on their abundance and diversity. Three methods of sampling communities of butterflies are suggested, and the use of a diversity index, β, is recommended. This index gives an estimate of the probability that an individual sampled at random from a community will be different from the previous individual sampled. Change and stability in diversity can be used as a guide for conservation and management programmes.     

An Experiment to Control Fomes annosus in Second Rotation Pine Crops

Stump removal was found to singnificantly reduce killing byFomes annosus in second rotation crops of pine. Poisoning andgirdling of trees prior to felling and also stump poisoningfailed to control the disease. In this experiment no significantdifferences were detected in the susceptibility of Scots andCorsican pine to attack. Increasing periods of delay beforereplanting resulted in less mortality. An equation is presented,based on factors of the first rotation crop which may be usedto predict losses likely to occur when a site is replanted.Root attack by F. annosus results in reduced growth and yieldas well as mortality. The results from the experiment are discussed in trems of themangement of pine crops attacted by F. annosus in Theford Chase.     

Preliminary observations on the effects of burning on the hemiptera (Heteroptera and Auchenorhyncha) of limestone grassland

Samples of Hemiptera were taken in September 1972, from areas of carboniferous limestone grassland which were burnt in April and May 1972, and from adjacent unburnt areas. Significantly larger numbers of species, of both Heteroptera and Auchenorhyncha, were recorded from the unburnt areas, and the species-diversity of the samples was significantly greater. The effects of burning on individual species are considered in relation to their biology and the effects of other kinds of management. The results are discussed in relation to the management of grassland for the conservation of wildlife, and a short review of the effects of burning on populations of invertebrate animals is made.     

The exploitation of helix pomatia L.

The evidence at present available, although incomplete, gives rise to fears for the future of the edible snail Helix pomatia L. The scale of exploitation is increasing, particularly in Eastern Europe, to meet growing demand, mainly from the West. The growth of legislation to control collecting supports the evidence of declining numbers, but the legislation does not appear to be backed by sufficiently detailed population ecology studies. The need for co-ordinated international action on farming, legislation and ecological study is urged.     

Extraction, gas-liquid chromatographic detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene residues from plant tissues high in lipid content

A method has been developed for the extraction, cleanup, derivatization, detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene (HCP) residues from 2 types of plant storage tissue high in lipid content. Wet soybean or peanut tissue was homogenized and extracted with ethyl ether and chromatographed on silica gel to remove the neutral lipids. The cleaned up sample was methylated with diazomethane and the dimethoxyhexachlorophene was eluted from a second silical gel column and chromatographed on a 6' glass column packed with 3% OV-1 or 3% SE-30 on Gas-Chrom Q. The instrument detection limit for the 63Ni electron capture detector was less than 0.1 ng for dimethoxyhexachlorophene and about 1 ppb HCP residue in plant issue. Recovery of 10-420 ppb HCP added to tissue averaged 90.9 +/- 5.7%. Interfering substances were removed, column life was increased, peak sharpness was increased, and tailing of the parent compound was decreased by using appropriate column chromatography.