Fertilizing fish ponds. I — Chemistry of the waters

Fertilization experiments were carried out in the Mex fish farm using superphosphate, ammonium nitrate and organic manure as fertilizers.The water was analysed monthly for inorganic phosphates, nitrates and silicates, in addition to chlorosity and pH.The ponds fertilized with chemical fertilizers exhibited a more rapid consumption of nutrients than the pond fertilized with organic manure.Phosphates and nitrates disappeared from the ponds after about two days of addition.     

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DRYING OF HERBAGE AT TEMPERATURES UP TO 50°C*

Experiments to determine the exposed layer drying rate of cut leaves and stems of a tetraploid (Sabel) and diploid (S23) ryegrass are described. Drying was achieved by passing air through the crop; the changes in weight were monitored continuously. Airflow was fixed throughout the experiments at 37·5 ft/min (0·190 m/s) and the temperatures were controlled in the range 25°C to 50°C. Comparisons were also made of the drying rates at different stages of maturity. Drying curves were determined and moisture content was shown to decay exponentially with time, the relationship approximating closely to a two term exponential.     

Laboratory incubation studies of chlorophenoxyacetic acids in chernozemic soils

The relative persistence of 2,4-D, MCPA and 2,4,5-T in some Saskatchewan soils was assessed under laboratory conditions. Under moist conditions, 2,4-D and MCPA showed half-life times of between 14 and 41 days but the MCPA half-life was usually 1 or 2 days longer. 2,4,5-T exhibited a half-life period over twice the length of the other chemicals. The half-life times were directly correlated to microbial plate counts, the larger numbers of soil microorganisms being associated with shorter residence times. Half-lives depended on soil moisture content and the best moisture levels for chemical loss appeared to be just less than field capacity. The use of ¹⁴C in 2,4-D incubation studies showed that the initial cleavage of the 2,4-D molecule was associated with the ether linkage and was not a decarboxylation.     

Microbial degradation of several acetamide,acylanilide, carbamate,toluidine and urea pesticides

Soil enrichment was used to isolate soil microorganisms capable of degrading isopropyl carbanilate (propham), 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (propanil), 3′-chloro-2-methyl-p-valerotoluidide (solan), and methyl 3,4-dichlorocarbanilate (swep) in a muck and a silty clay loam. Degradation of the pesticides in enrichment solutions, and by pure cultures of effective microbial isolates was demonstrated by the production of the corresponding aniline, chloride ion liberation and disappearance of the parent compound. Degradation products were identified by gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography.Organisms isolated include Pseudomonas striata Chester, Achromobacter sp., Aspergillus ustus (Bain) Thorn and Church, A. versicolor (Vuill. Tirabaschi), Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, F. solani (Martius) Appel and Wollenweber, Penicillium chrysogenum Thorn, P. janthinellum Biourge, P. rugulosum Thorn and Trichoderma viride Pers. Each organism demonstrated a unique substrate specificity and was capable of degrading other aniline-based pesticides of the acetamide, acylanilide, carbamate, toluidine and urea classes.     

The chemistry of humic and fulvic acids extracted from argentine soils—I. Analytical characteristics

Five humic and three fulvic acids were extracted from Argentine Chestnut, Brunizem, Solod and Solonetz soils and analysed by electrometric, spectroscopic and spectrometric methods. There were great similarities in elementary analysis, functional group content, absorption characteristics in the visible region and in the IR, and in the ESR measurements between the humic acids and, similarly, between the fulvic acids. There were distinct differences between the humic and fulvic acids in C, H, N and O content, distribution of oxygen in functional groups, E₄/E₆ ratios and free radical content.     

The redox characteristics of four peat profiles

In several previous observations on peat soils, redox potentials appeared to vary with season and depth. To clarify this variation, a systematic study was made over 1 yr at four peat sites, including wet and dry areas at high and low altitude in northern England.The coefficients of linear regressions of redox potential on seasonal temperatures became progressively more negative with increasing depth at all four sites. These observations support an hypothesis that increased aeration accompanying increased temperature played a role at the surface, but was of less importance in the deeper layers, where the reducing conditions that result from microbial activity were dominant.By using orthogonal polynomials, it was possible to demonstrate the existence of redox minima in the profiles at all sites. There were rather more minima present using this method at the lowland sites that at the upland ones where trends of redox with depth were otherwise linear or non-significant. Although the mean redox potentials over whole profiles were lower in the wetter sites than the drier, the mean depths of the redox minima were similar. These mean depths were poorly defined however having standard deviations of 30–50 per cent of the means calculated from the year's observations.Finally, it was shown that although the potentials were measured 60 s after closing the circuit, very similar conclusions would have been reached if the readings had been taken after 10 s.     

The arthropods associated with the decomposition of some common grass and weed species in the soil

The arthropod fauna associated with the decomposition of herbage of various species on the surface of the soil was studied. Litter of Rumex, Urtica, Ranunculus, Senecio and Lolium disappeared rapidly at first and thereafter at a slower rate. Dactylis disappeared more slowly than the other litters over the first 6$\text{1}\text{2}$ months but its rate of disappearance thereafter was greater than that of the other species. There were quantitative and qualitative differences between the microarthropod communities associated with the various litters. Highest populations of microarthropods were recorded from Dactylis. Dactylis and Lolium were the most similar in the species composition of their faunas. Changes occurred in the relative abundance of various arthropod groups and species during the course of decomposition in all litters.     

Electron microscopical studies of chlamydospores of Fusarium solani F. cucurbitae formed in natural soil

Macroconidia of Fusarium solani f. cucurbitae were placed into natural soil, incubated for various times, recovered and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy. Lysis of macroconidia and formation of chlamydospores were studied and the fine structure of these propagules and their associated microflora was investigated. The two most obvious features of chlamydospore morphology were the sloughing of outer wall layers and the accretion of micro-fibrillar elements adjacent to the plasmalemma. Chlamydospore formation was partially suppressed by addition of nitrogenous compounds to the soil.