木材硅石改性剂的制备工艺

为了降低木材硅化改性成本促其应用,直接将固态硅石粉高效液态活化,通过正交试验和极差分析优化制备了木材硅石改性剂,测试分析了浸渍改性杨木的性能。结果表明:①反应时间和原料n(SiO2)∶n(NaOH)对活化溶液的pH值、黏度和密度影响不显著,碱料种类和反应温度对活化溶液的黏度、密度、SiO2转化率、固体质量分数和生产成本影响显著,对溶液性能综合影响最大的是反应温度和碱料种类,其次是n(SiO2)∶n(NaOH)和反应时间;②pH值随反应时间、温度和n(SiO2)∶n(NaOH)增大而减小,密度、黏度、固体质量分数、SiO2转化率和模数随反应时间、温度和n(SiO2)∶n(NaOH)增大而增大,KOH活化效果更好但价格较高,综合平衡优化工艺为:反应温度200℃、碱料为NaOH、n(SiO2)∶n(NaOH)=1.715∶1、反应时间4 h;③硅石改性剂能充分渗入杨木,使其吸药量达252%,密度提高81%,抗弯强度提高69.6%,炭化温度减小89℃,残炭率提高41%,改性效果优于硅溶胶。     

Processing of Yield Map Data

Yield maps reflect systematic and random sources of yield variation as well as numerous errors caused by the harvest and mapping procedures used. A general framework for processing of multi-year yield map data was developed. Steps included (1) raw data screening, (2) standardization, (3) interpolation, (4) classification of multi-year yield maps, (5) post-classification spatial filtering to create spatially contiguous yield classes, and (6) statistical evaluation of classification results. The techniques developed allow more objective mapping of yield zones, which are an important data layer in algorithms for prescribing variable rates of production inputs.     

Radar soundings of the subsurface of Mars

The martian subsurface has been probed to kilometer depths by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding instrument aboard the Mars Express orbiter. Signals penetrate the polar layered deposits, probably imaging the base of the deposits. Data from the northern lowlands of Chryse Planitia have revealed a shallowly buried quasi-circular structure about 250 kilometers in diameter that is interpreted to be an impact basin. In addition, a planar reflector associated with the basin structure may indicate the presence of a low-loss deposit that is more than 1 kilometer thick.     

Voyager 1 in the foreshock, termination shock, and heliosheath

Voyager 1 (V1) began measuring precursor energetic ions and electrons from the heliospheric termination shock (TS) in July 2002. During the ensuing 2.5 years, average particle intensities rose as V1 penetrated deeper into the energetic particle foreshock of the TS. Throughout 2004, V1 observed even larger, fluctuating intensities of ions from 40 kiloelectron volts (keV) to >/=50 megaelectron volts per nucleon and of electrons from >26 keV to >/=350 keV. On day 350 of 2004 (2004/350), V1 observed an intensity spike of ions and electrons that was followed by a sustained factor of 10 increase at the lowest energies and lesser increases at higher energies, larger than any intensities since V1 was at 15 astronomical units in 1982. The estimated solar wind radial flow speed was positive (outward) at approximately +100 kilometers per second (km s(-1)) from 2004/352 until 2005/018, when the radial flows became predominantly negative (sunward) and fluctuated between approximately -50 and 0 km s(-1) until about 2005/110; they then became more positive, with recent values (2005/179) of approximately +50 km s(-1). The energetic proton spectrum averaged over the postshock period is apparently dominated by strongly heated interstellar pickup ions. We interpret these observations as evidence that V1 was crossed by the TS on 2004/351 (during a tracking gap) at 94.0 astronomical units, evidently as the shock was moving radially inward in response to decreasing solar wind ram pressure, and that V1 has remained in the heliosheath until at least mid-2005.     

Role of land-surface changes in arctic summer warming

A major challenge in predicting Earth's future climate state is to understand feedbacks that alter greenhouse-gas forcing. Here we synthesize field data from arctic Alaska, showing that terrestrial changes in summer albedo contribute substantially to recent high-latitude warming trends. Pronounced terrestrial summer warming in arctic Alaska correlates with a lengthening of the snow-free season that has increased atmospheric heating locally by about 3 watts per square meter per decade (similar in magnitude to the regional heating expected over multiple decades from a doubling of atmospheric CO2). The continuation of current trends in shrub and tree expansion could further amplify this atmospheric heating by two to seven times.     

High-throughput mapping of a dynamic signaling network in mammalian cells

Signaling pathways transmit information through protein interaction networks that are dynamically regulated by complex extracellular cues. We developed LUMIER (for luminescence-based mammalian interactome mapping), an automated high-throughput technology, to map protein-protein interaction networks systematically in mammalian cells and applied it to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) pathway. Analysis using self-organizing maps and k-means clustering identified links of the TGFbeta pathway to the p21-activated kinase (PAK) network, to the polarity complex, and to Occludin, a structural component of tight junctions. We show that Occludin regulates TGFbeta type I receptor localization for efficient TGFbeta-dependent dissolution of tight junctions during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions.     

Amplification of acetylcholine-binding catenanes from dynamic combinatorial libraries

Directed chemical synthesis can produce a vast range of molecular structures, but the intended product must be known at the outset. In contrast, evolution in nature can lead to efficient receptors and catalysts whose structures defy prediction. To access such unpredictable structures, we prepared dynamic combinatorial libraries in which reversibly binding building blocks assemble around a receptor target. We selected for an acetylcholine receptor by adding the neurotransmitter to solutions of dipeptide hydrazones [proline-phenylalanine or proline-(cyclohexyl)alanine], which reversibly combine through hydrazone linkages. At thermodynamic equilibrium, the dominant receptor structure was an elaborate [2]-catenane consisting of two interlocked macrocyclic trimers. This complex receptor with a 100 nM affinity for acetylcholine could be isolated on a preparative scale in 67% yield.     

寒地早粳裂颖性状对稻米品质的影响

研究了寒地早粳稻裂颖性状对稻米品质的影响。结果表明,颖壳开裂形成的斑点米、有色米、裂纹米、虫蚀粒均比未开裂的稻谷多,随着裂颖率的增加稻谷糙米率、精米率都随之降低,裂颖率对稻谷的出米率有较大影响。裂颖率与稻米外观品质相关系数较大,呈负相关。     

本溪山樱桃根系酚酸类分泌物及其化感效应研究

用高效液相色谱法对本溪山樱桃根系分泌物中酚酸类物质进行分离,以山莴苣种子及甜樱桃组培苗为试材,初步研究了酚酸类分泌物的化感效应.结果表明:从本溪山樱桃根系分泌物中共分离到对羟基苯甲酸等9种酚酸类物质;酚酸类分泌物对山莴苣种子萌发的化感效应强度有随添加量增加而增强的趋势,其中添加量为30 μL时,对胚根的生长和发芽有促进作用;添加量超过60 μL时,则表现为抑制作用.对羟基苯甲酸对甜樱桃组培苗生长、生根有明显的促进作用,其中0.100mmol·L-1处理茎叶最重,0.500 mmol·L-1处理发根数量最多.根和茎叶中SOD、POD及CAT活性基本随处理浓度增高而增强,浓度过高活性下降.肉桂酸处理具有类似化感效应.但化感效应强度有所差异.     

干燥处理材的动态粘弹性

该文采用高温干燥、低温干燥和真空冷冻干燥3种干燥方法分别对杉木人工林木材进行干燥处理。用动态力学分析仪测定了3种干燥处理材在温度-120～250℃,测量频率1、2、5、10 Hz的动态粘弹性。结果表明:①储存模量和损耗模量均表现为高温干燥处理材最大,真空冷冻干燥处理材最小。②高温干燥处理材和低温干燥处理材的损耗模量温度谱中,从高温至低温方向可依次观察到3个力学松弛过程,其分子运动归属分别是木材细胞壁非结晶区中聚合物的微布朗运动、木材细胞壁聚合物分子的扭转振动和木材细胞壁无定型区中伯醇羟基的回转取向运动。③真空冷冻干燥处理材的损耗模量温度谱可观察到4个力学松弛过程,新增加的松弛过程是由木素分子的微布朗运动引起的。这说明木材经过高温干燥或低温干燥处理,由于受到热的作用,木材细胞壁分子链之间可能发生了一定程度的交联,从而限制了木素分子的微布朗运动。