过磷酸钙添加剂对猪粪堆肥温室气体和氨气减排的作用

为研究不同比例过磷酸钙添加剂对畜禽粪便高温堆肥氨挥发和温室气体减排的作用,该文以猪粪和玉米秸秆为试验材料,以市售过磷酸钙肥料作为添加剂,在发酵仓中(单仓体积1.2m3)进行56d的好氧堆肥试验,监测堆肥过程中的温室气体和氨排放速率及堆体碳、氮损失率。结果表明:在初始物料中添加干质量3.3%～13.2%的过磷酸钙添加剂对减少堆体碳、氮损失,降低温室气体排放均有明显效果,但超过初始物料干质量的9.9%的过磷酸钙添加剂会对堆肥腐熟进程产生显著抑制作用;该试验中添加初始物料干质量3.3%～6.6%分别使堆肥56d的NH3、N2O和CH4排放量减少了24.1%～43.4%、22.2%～27.7%和22.4%～62.9%,总温室气体排放当量减少30%。猪粪和玉米秸秆堆肥中较适宜的过磷酸钙添加量是初始物料干质量的3.3%～6.6%。该文为过磷酸钙添加剂应用于实际堆肥工程提供理论依据。     

Effects of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on newly developed high-fat/Western-style diet-induced obesity and symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat/Western-style (HFW; 60% energy as fat and lower levels of calcium, vitamin D(3), folic acid, choline bitartrate, and fiber) or HFW with EGCG (HFWE; HFW with 0.32% EGCG) diet for 17 wks. As a comparison, two other groups of mice fed a low-fat diet (LF; 10% energy as fat) and high-fat diet (HF; 60% energy as fat) were also included. The HFW group developed more body weight gain and severe symptoms of metabolic syndrome than the HF group. The EGCG treatment significantly reduced body weight gain associated with increased fecal lipids and decreased blood glucose and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels compared to those of the HFW group. Fatty liver incidence, liver damage, and liver triglyceride levels were also decreased by the EGCG treatment. Moreover, the EGCG treatment attenuated insulin resistance and levels of plasma cholesterol, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), interlukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Our results demonstrate that the HFW diet produces more severe symptoms of metabolic syndrome than the HF diet and that the EGCG treatment can alleviate these symptoms and body fat accumulation. The beneficial effects of EGCG are associated with decreased lipid absorption and reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines.     

施用蛋鸡粪的龙眼园土壤质量现状评价

本文调查了蛋鸡养殖场粪便产生量及处理利用现状等基本资料,选点采集养殖场配套龙眼园的土壤样品,通过分析测定有机质、全氮、全磷、铜、锌等指标,探讨了施用蛋鸡粪对龙眼园土壤质量的影响,并对龙眼园土壤环境现状进行评价。结果表明,该养殖场龙眼园土壤粪便当量负荷为19.14t·hm-2,未超过以氮计的土壤粪便当量负荷警戒值。四个季节施用蛋鸡粪的龙眼园土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、铜、锌等指标均高于未施用蛋鸡粪的橡胶园土壤,但无显著差异;施用过蛋鸡粪的龙眼园土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、铜、锌全年平均含量分别为18.71g·kg-1、0.97g·kg-1、0.79g·kg-1、19.65mg·kg-1和43.05mg·kg-1,均显著高于未施用过蛋鸡粪的橡胶园土壤。四个季节龙眼园土壤和橡胶园土壤铜、锌单项污染指数均小于1,属于安全级别。由于龙眼园施用的蛋鸡粪仅占养殖场蛋鸡粪产生总量的2%,而且采用直接施用鲜鸡粪的方式,因此仍存在环境污染的隐患。本文所得结果可为评估蛋鸡养殖场环境污染风险及与果园结合的蛋鸡养殖模式的合理性提供依据。     

A Laboratory Column Study on the Biodegradation of Toluene and Methyl tert–Butyl Ether: The Effect of Substrate Interactions

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is one of the most effective remediation technologies for soil and groundwater contamination. Soil particles can be mobilized by air perturbation during SVE, resulting in the differentiation of porous media, which has not been well addressed. This paper developed a numerical method to study the flow pattern and quantify the change of porous media for the first time. Based on the mass equilibrium and Darcy’s law, a two-phase water–air flow model was constructed with integration of saturation, relative permeability, and capillary pressure during SVE. Relationship between porosity and saturation was deduced and coupled with the two-phase flow model for quantifying change of porous media in real time. Results reveal that both porosity and permeability increase sharply in the early stage of SVE then gradually to a quasi-steady state. These increases in vadose zone tapered off with distance from the SVE screen and the steady period occurred later as well. The influence radius of a single SVE well and the change degree in porosity and permeability of media were proportional to the extraction vacuum and the driving coefficient C, which is more sensitive than extraction vacuum according to the simulation results. Knowledge from this modeling exercise provides a useful tool to estimate the change of remediated zone and assess the environmental risk of remedial activities at real-world contamination sites.     

土壤及泥沙颗粒组成与养分流失的研究

利用自然降雨影响下的农田为试验样地,分析了降雨前后土壤颗粒组成与养分含量的变化,探讨了流失泥沙颗粒组成与养分的变化特征。结果表明,在降雨后,西瓜地与油菜地表土颗粒组成呈现粘粒与粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量相对增加的趋势;土壤养分含量都有不同程度的下降,其中水解氮与速效磷下降的幅度很大,西瓜地与油菜地水解氮降雨后降幅分别为9.67%和7.99%,速效磷的降幅分别为9.20%和8.76%;全氮养分降幅很小,西瓜地与油菜地分别为2.17%和1.54%;流失泥沙细小颗粒含量与养分含量随时间基本都呈降低的变化趋势,并且细小颗粒含量与携带流失的养分含量有显著甚至极显著的正相关性;流失泥沙具有富集粘粒和富集养分的特性,油菜地与西瓜地粘粒富集率分别为1.23和1.20,两样地全氮与速效磷的富集率都在1.3以上,而全磷和水解氮富集率基本处在1.1-1.3之间。     

氮磷钾互作效应对甘草黄酮含量影响的初步研究

研究结果表明,宁夏红寺堡扬黄新灌区沙壤灰钙土氮、磷、钾对甘草总黄酮含量影响大小为:施磷(负效应)大于施氮(正效应)大于施钾(负效应);因子互作效应对甘草总黄酮含量影响大小顺序为P×K>N×P>N×K;红寺堡扬黄新灌区沙壤灰钙土人工栽培甘草总黄酮含量≥5.0%以上的农艺措施为:施纯N 119.6~138.8kghm-2、施纯P2O5153.2~178.5 kghm-2、施纯K2O 90.9~105.6 kghm-2。     

草海保护区功能分区与生态环境变化的关系研究

草海湿地是我国云贵高原岩溶湿地中的独特类型，地处金沙江上游，不仅起到调节下游水量平衡，以及调节区域气候的作用，也是高原特有鹤类——黑颈鹤的主要越冬地之一，其生态环境的变化具有重要的生态意义。通过对草海国家级自然保护区水土流失、湖盆淤积，水环境、黑颈鹤栖息生境等生态环境特征变化以及当地社区湿地资源利用状况的分析，探讨了湿地生态环境变化与现行保护区功能分区的关系，说明三级模式下的湿地生态环境管理激化了湿地资源利用与保护的矛盾，必须加强草海湿地生态结构和功能特征的研究，制定合理的保护区功能分区，切实有效地保护湿地生态环境。     

丘陵山地姿态调整轮式拖拉机的设计与仿真

针对丘陵山地拖拉机作业环境复杂,对拖拉机的稳定性、通过性和地形适应性要求高的突出问题,设计了一种可进行姿态调平的丘陵山地拖拉机,主要由姿态调整后驱动桥、姿态调整前驱动桥、发动机及电液控制系统组成。姿态调整后,驱动桥设置有可独立回转摆动的轮边减速机构,实现了驱动桥刚性结构柔性调节。姿态调整前驱动桥可围绕拖拉机摇摆轴进行姿态调节。电液控制系统实时监测前、后驱动桥与地面间的坡度夹角变化,自动调节驱动桥的摆动姿态,始终使机身处于水平姿态,提高整机作业稳定性。     

山核桃物料风选机理与风选性能试验研究

破壳后物料分离是山核桃深加工的关键技术,仿真分析了山核桃破壳后各种形状壳仁的物理特性。研究利用物料的壳与仁的含水率的区分度、物料的力学参数与其形状系数使壳、仁和壳仁嵌合物的悬浮速度重合区间减小,并且研究了风速均匀性和控制风速精度对复杂物料风选的影响。混合物料试验确定了在风速8. 2 m/s、仁含水率为23. 6%、壳含水率为5%、迎风面容量比为50%左右时,总体清选率为99. 2%、误选率为0. 8%,剩余物料在含水率均为23. 6%、风速为11. 7 m/s时使清选率达到100%、误选率2. 3%,含水率为23. 6%时物料最大碰撞力为0. 003 1 N。     

油菜联合收获后含杂油菜籽复清机设计与试验

针对现有油菜联合收获机收获作业时油菜籽粒细小不易分离导致收获后籽粒含杂率高、人工复清劳动强度大、缺乏晾晒前机械化复清装备的生产实际问题,设计了一种适于油菜联合收获机作业后含杂油菜籽的复清机。通过运动学和动力学分析确定了螺旋输送装置、离心振动式筛分装置和侧向风选装置的结构及其运行参数,解析了离心振动式筛分装置离心过程和振动过程,基于CFD分析了清选罩壳内部气流场状态。以振动频率、垂直振幅和离心风机出风口风速为影响因素,以油菜联合收获后含杂油菜籽复清机籽粒含杂率和筛分效率为评价指标,开展了单因素试验与正交试验,确定了较优运行参数组合。单因素试验结果表明：振动频率在12.08~14.61Hz,垂直振幅在3.59~3.64mm,离心风机出风口风速在5~7m/s范围内时,清选性能较优;正交试验结果表明：影响含杂率因素主次为离心风机出风口风速、振动频率、垂直振幅,影响筛分效率因素主次为振动频率、垂直振幅、离心风机出风口风速,确定较优参数组合：振动频率为14.61Hz、垂直振幅为3.61mm、离心风机出风口风速为7m/s,在此参数组合下,油菜联合收获后含杂油菜籽复清机的籽粒含杂率平均值为0.53%,筛分效率平均值为98.39%,符合油菜籽粒后续存储标准（含杂率小于3%）。