Stratospheric Mean Ages and Transport Rates from Observations of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide

Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were analyzed to investigate stratospheric transport rates. Temporal variations in tropospheric CO2 were observed to propagate into the stratosphere, showing that tropospheric air enters the lower tropical stratosphere continuously, ascends, and is transported rapidly (in less than 1 month) to both hemispheres. The mean age A of stratospheric air determined from CO2 data is approximately 5 years in the mid-stratosphere. The mean age is mathematically equivalent to a conserved tracer analogous to exhaust from stratospheric aircraft. Comparison of values for A from models and observations indicates that current model simulations likely underestimate pollutant concentrations from proposed stratospheric aircraft by 25 to 100 percent.     

美国黑核桃嫁接育苗技术研究

利用新疆已有的丰富核桃资源，高接黑核桃优良无性系，在南北疆建立黑核桃无性系种子园或采穗圃，通过自己采收种子播种育苗，可有效地降低黑核桃苗木生产成本，提高苗木质量，加快黑核桃良种苗木的繁育速度，实现黑核桃良种在新疆的推广、发展。     

Sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in varieties of Dactylis glomerata

Twelve varieties of cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata L., were analysed for three mineral elements (Na, K, Ca) and their dry matter (DM) yields were measured in pot and field trials. Among these characteristics there were strong varietal differences in Na concentration, whereas in other cases the varietal differences were less significant. The concentrations of individual mineral elements were, in most cases, independent of yield and of one another.
Parent plants and their clonal derivatives were highly correlated in Na and Ca concentration as well as in DM yield. Tiller size or position on the parental plant had no significant effects on the mineral concentrations or DM yields of clones derived from separated tillers.
Within varieties continuous variation was observed for Na concentration and the range of variation increased with increasing mean Na concentration. When plants were grown under different experimental conditions there was a high repeatability in Na concentration within varieties over cuts and years. This result was taken as an indication of a strong genetic basis for Na concentration. The results obtained in this study show that it is possible to develop grass varieties of defined potential Na concentration.     

Concurrent avian malaria and avipox virus infection in translocated South Island saddlebacks (Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus)

Abstract

CASE HISTORY: Outbreaks of mortality in South Island saddlebacks (Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus) that had been translocated to two offshore islands in the Marlborough Sounds of New Zealand were investigated during the summer of 2002 and 2007. Both outbreaks were associated with a severe decrease in numbers of saddlebacks of up to 60% of approximately 200 birds.

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: Many of the surviving birds were in poor condition, and had skin lesions on the legs and head. Necropsy showed pale liver and lungs, and a swollen spleen. Histopathology revealed schizonts resembling Plasmodium spp. within the cytoplasm of many hepatocytes and splenic histiocytes. The skin lesions consisted of epithelial proliferations containing numerous Bollinger bodies typical of avipox virus (APV) infection. Two different APV were isolated, using PCR, from two different birds exhibiting skin lesions. Each isolate had 100% sequence homology with APV members from either Clade A or Clade B. In addition, PCR analysis revealed that the Plasmodium elongatum present in infected birdsbelonged to a strain that was endemic in the population of North Island saddlebacks (Philesturnus carunculatus rufusater).

DIAGNOSIS: Concurrent infections with Plasmodium spp. haemoparasites and APV were identified as the likely cause of death in the birds examined.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the Plasmodium spp. identified is thought to be endemic to saddlebacks in New Zealand, the affected birds were likely to be immunocompromised by concurrent APV infection or through lack of genetic diversity. Both the introduced mosquito Culex quinquefasicatus and the native mosquito Culex pervigilans are likely vectors for both these diseases, and the provision of water supplies less favourable to mosquito-breeding is recommended.     

甘南玛曲不同年龄欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量季节动态研究

为确立高寒地区天然草地欧拉型藏羊放牧采食量的季节动态变化,本试验采用TiO₂外源指示剂法和瘤胃尼龙袋法分别测定欧拉型藏羊不同季节排粪量和牧草消化率从而计算放牧采食量。结果表明:玛曲高寒草地牧草干物质消化率(DMD)和粗蛋白(CP)含量夏季显著(P < 0.05)高于冬春季与秋季;欧拉型藏羊各年龄段排粪量3季差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;随着年龄增长,欧拉型藏羊三季牧草采食量均有增大的趋势,同年龄段不同季节的藏羊采食量和代谢采食量(除4岁母羊)差异显著(P < 0.05)且秋季 > 夏季 > 冬春季;各年龄段藏羊累计牧草消耗量(AFC)差异显著(P < 0.05)分别为339.37,757.58,1185.93和1655.61 kg。由此可见,牧草干机物质消化率、排粪量和采食量夏秋季较高、冬春季较低,随着年龄增大排粪量和采食量有增高的趋势。因此,在高寒牧区应提倡草地季节性畜牧业,充分考虑牧草营养与动物营养需求之间的耦合性来提高经济和生态效益。     

犬细粒棘球绦虫粪抗原夹心ELISA检测方法的建立

为建立特异性和敏感性高的检验犬细粒棘球绦虫感染的方法。用细粒棘球绦虫(简称,Eg)成虫抗原分别免疫兔和绵羊,收集高免血清,纯化的高免抗体。依据抗体夹心ELISA工作原理,以兔抗体包被,检测感染Eg、不同犬带科绦虫的实验犬和空白犬粪样,绵羊抗体扑捉抗原,HRP标记兔抗绵羊IgG(1∶8 000)催化显色,用酶标仪测定OD 405nm吸光度,用以确定其特异性和敏感性。试验结果表明,敏感性为82.69%(43/52),特异性为85.88%(140/163);粪抗原在感染细粒棘球绦虫16d后可检出,最低抗原浓度为9.7ng/mL即犬感染5条成虫时可检测出阳性。该检测方法具有较好的特异性和灵敏性,为进一步研制检测细粒棘球绦虫虫体抗原ELISA检测试剂盒奠定了基础。     

Surgical resolution of accidental intramuscular injection of Gudair® vaccine in a mare

This case report describes the accidental intramuscular administration of 20 mL Gudair® vaccine to a 7‐year‐old Standardbred mare and successful treatment of the resulting inflammatory reaction by radical surgical resection.     

Lunar surface magnetic fields and their interaction with the solar wind: results from lunar prospector

The magnetometer and electron reflectometer experiment on the Lunar Prospector spacecraft has obtained maps of lunar crustal magnetic fields and observed the interaction between the solar wind and regions of strong crustal magnetic fields at high selenographic latitude (30 degreesS to 80 degreesS) and low ( approximately 100 kilometers) altitude. Electron reflection maps of the regions antipodal to the Imbrium and Serenitatis impact basins, extending to 80 degreesS latitude, show that crustal magnetic fields fill most of the antipodal zones of those basins. This finding provides further evidence for the hypothesis that basin-forming impacts result in magnetization of the lunar crust at their antipodes. The crustal magnetic fields of the Imbrium antipode region are strong enough to deflect the solar wind and form a miniature (100 to several hundred kilometers across) magnetosphere, magnetosheath, and bow shock system.     

南疆灌区冬小麦/夏玉米改良模式增产潜力与机理分析

田间试验系统地比较了新冬20/沈玉2002不同套种模式（“522模式”与“952模式”）及“521模式”下保麦10号/蠡玉35、保麦10号/登海3672、新冬20/蠡玉35的产量、叶面积指数、光合势及干物质积累等性状的差异。结果表明,“522模式”新冬20/沈玉2002周年产量（17 838.2 kg·hm^-2）较“952模式”(16 550.9 kg·hm^-2)增产7.8%,其中,冬小麦增产18.4%。“521模式”保麦10号/蠡玉35、保麦10号/登海3672、新冬20/蠡玉35周年产量为19 905.0～20 751.0 kg·hm^-2,其中,冬小麦产量为9 740～10 275 kg·hm^-2、夏玉米产量为9 630～10 211.0 kg·hm^-2;冬小麦孕穗期和开花期叶面积指数分别为6.0、5.0左右,返青至成熟的总光合势290.2～324.3×10⁴·m²·d·hm^-2;夏玉米生育期111 d,大喇叭口期至吐丝后20 d的叶面积指数均保持在4左右,生育期间总光合势233.1～257.5×10⁴·m²·d·hm^-2,冬小麦和玉米总光合势为523.3～581.8×10⁴·m²·d·hm^-2;总干物质量38 569.1～40 487.0 kg·hm^-2;冬小麦产量的边际效应为85.7%～112.9%。“521模式”比“952模式”大幅度增产,是小麦行数和边行数及边际产量增大的结果,并将夏玉米播期提至麦收前15 d左右,延长玉米生育期（达110 d左右）,优化株行配置使玉米增产显著,实现全年超高产。“521模式”同时充分利用了冬小麦边际补偿效应和玉米时间补偿效应,较“952模式”易获得周年超高产。并对超高产栽培技术进行了讨论。