太阳能与发电余热复合沼气增温系统设计

为了实现大中型沼气工程在北方寒冷地区的应用推广。该文针对北方寒冷气候特点,以哈尔滨双城市沼气工程为例构建了1套太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统,阐述了该增温系统的设计原理,并对沼气发酵热负荷、发电机组余热回收利用率、太阳能集热装置热效率等关键参数进行了理论计算。计算得出该沼气工程全年平均每日热量的损失为6659.2 MJ,太阳能-发电余热中温厌氧发酵增温系统全年平均每日集热量为7017.6 MJ。通过对增温效果与该工程的热量损失进行对比,表明12、1、2月份系统需沼气发电机组额外提供372.2、369.4、208.3 kWh电量增温,其余月份系统可以实现发酵工程每日热量损失的补充,保证该工程的稳定运行。在8月份对示范工程的一次发酵罐体进行了增温效果测试,表明该增温系统在28 d左右可将该发酵罐内物料温度提升到中温发酵水平。该文为北方寒冷地区大中型沼气增温保温设备的配套建设提供参考。     

Positive effects of dietary supplementation of three probiotics on milk yield,milk composition and intestinal flora in Sannan dairy goats varied in kind of probiotics

In this study, we investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), Bacillus subtilis (BS) and Enterococcus faecalis (EF), singly and in combination, on the dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, and faecal microflora of Saanen dairy goats. Fifty goats were randomly divided into five groups: (a) basal diet (control); (b) basal diet + SC; (c) basal diet + BS; (d) basal diet + EF; and (e) basal diet + mixed probiotics. Each treated animal received 5 g/d of probiotics for a total administration of 5 × 1,011 CFU/goat per day. The inclusion of B. subtilis and E. faecalis in the diet of lactating Saanen goats increased DMI (p < .05). Enhanced milk yield was observed with BS and EF. Milk fat percentage was significantly increased by feeding mixed probiotics compared with the control (p < .05); supplying SC, BS and mixed probiotics enhanced the protein percentage (p < .05). The milk lactose percentage in the SC and BS groups was higher than in the control (p < .05). The amount of milk total solids was higher after feeding EF or mixed probiotics than in the control group (p < .05). Non-fat solids showed no notable differences among groups (p > .05). There was no significant influence on gut bacterial abundance and diversity from adding these three probiotics, singly or in combination. Bacteroidales, Escherichia–Shigella and Christensenellaceae abundances were decreased by supplying these probiotics but Succinivibrionaceae increased. In conclusion, there were positive influences of probiotic feed supplementation on intake, milk performance and intestinal microecology.     

牛奶中蛋白质含量的直接电位测定方法研究

在碱性条件下牛奶中的两性氨基酸与甲醛溶液反应,氨基上的两个氢原子被次甲基所取代,失去了氨基的碱性特性,释放出游离的羧基,从而使牛奶的电化学特性发生变化。据此,笔者提出并建立了一种全新的快速测定牛奶中蛋白质含量的直接电位方法。实验研究结果表明,其蛋白质含量的线性测定范围为2.4～3.0%,回收率高达95%以上。该方法具有操作使用简单方便快捷准确等特点,在乳品企业的生产实践中具有一定的推广使用价值。     

一份多年生高粱属新材料的农艺性状及其饲用潜力评价

为明确高粱属新材料‘SX-1’的基本性能,对其饲用潜力进行初步评价,本研究以‘晋牧1号’高丹草(Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense cv. ‘Jinmu No. 1’)为对照进行连续2年品比试验,对其农艺性状、产量和营养成分等进行测定。新材料‘SX-1’表现为多年生且雄性不育,第1年抽雄期刈割时平均株高为311.33 cm,显著高于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(263.00 cm),分蘖数为12.00~13.00个,第2年分蘖数极显著提高（可达40个以上）。建植第1年鲜草总产量为110822.43 kg/hm²,显著低于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(125846.43 kg/hm²);但干草总产量(22300.71 kg/hm²)显著高于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(19039.32 kg/hm²)。‘SX-1’建植第2年鲜、干草总产量为150373.33 kg/hm²和28866.77 kg/hm²,分别较‘晋牧1号’高10.53%和38.00%,同时较第1年增加了35.69%和29.44%。粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪含量年平均分别为9.98%、53.28%和2.20%,均与‘晋牧1号’(10.05%、53.93%、2.09%)差异不显著(P>0.05);酸性洗涤纤维年均为35.25%,显著低于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(45.20%);粗灰分为8.59%,显著高于(P<0.05)‘晋牧1号’(7.57%)。相对饲用价值为107.27,高于‘晋牧1号’(92.61)。新材料‘SX-1’生物产量高、耐刈割、饲用品质优良,值得进一步开发利用。具有多年生高粱血缘的高粱属种间杂交种是选育饲草高粱的潜在方向。     

小鼠卵母细胞的孤雌激活及体外发育

分别用不同条件的电脉冲、酒精浓度刺激不同卵龄的小鼠卵母细胞，进行体外培养并观察卵母细胞的活化和体外发育情况。结果表明，①以场强５５Ｖ／ｍｍ，脉宽１６０μｓ的电脉冲刺激卵龄为１７ｈ的卵母细胞，活化卵形成二原核率为９０％；以场强５５Ｖ／ｍｍ，脉宽６４０μｓ的电脉冲刺激卵龄为１５ｈ的卵母细胞，激活卵的桑椹胚最高发育率为６９％．②用７％酒精刺激卵龄为１５ｈ的卵母细胞２ｍｉｎ，活化率最高为７２％，激活卵的桑椹胚发育率为２２．２％．     

南方红壤区植被覆盖因子估算模型构建与验证

研究红壤区植被覆盖因子变化规律、构建植被覆盖因子计算模型可为该区域水土流失防治及动态监测提供科学依据。该研究基于广东省五华县水土保持试验推广站200余场降雨试验观测数据,分析了影响水土流失的各关键因子与次降雨土壤侵蚀模数(Individual Rainfall Event Soil Erosion Modulus,ISEM)间定量关系,基于中国土壤流失方程计算了系列次降雨事件不同植被覆盖度对应植被覆盖因子值,构建了植被覆盖因子值与植被覆盖度间数学模型,从点、面2个尺度对模型计算精度进行了验证。结果表明:1)ISEM随植被覆盖度增加而降低;ISEM与雨前土壤表层含水率间存在显著正相关对数关系;ISEM随坡度增加呈先增后减的变化规律;ISEM随次降雨量、次降雨侵蚀力和次降雨径流深呈显著正相关线性变化关系。2)构建了植被覆盖因子值与植被覆盖度间二阶指数衰减模型,该模型决定系数和纳什系数分别达0.947和0.876。点尺度验证结果表明90%样本模型计算值与观测值相对误差均小于0.30;面尺度验证结果表明,70%～80%的植被覆盖因子计算值相对误差不超过0.1。总体而言,该模型计算精度较为理想,...     

Effects of mangrove deforestation on fish assemblage at Pak Phanang Bay,southern Thailand

Daytime sampling using a seine net was conducted at Pak Phanang Bay (Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand) in February and July 2006, to determine differences in fish assemblage structures between a mangrove site and an adjacent site completely cleared of mangroves. The overall numbers of fish species and individuals were significantly higher at the mangrove site than the cleared site in both months. Although benthic crustacean feeders showed more species and individual numbers at the mangrove site in both months, the opposite was found for zooplankton feeders. A cluster analysis, based on the abundance of each species, demonstrated that the fish assemblage structures were distinctly different between the two sites. In addition, significant differences in length frequency distributions for each of the four most abundant species were found between the sites in February and/or July. Small individuals of Scatophagus argus, Ambassis nalua, and Tetraodon nigroviridis were more common at the mangrove site, and of Chelon subviridis at the cleared site. These results suggest that mangrove deforestation exerts marked effects on fish assemblages.     

陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

该文通过运用铯－１３７法对陇东黄土高塬沟壑区土壤侵蚀进行研究，定量地分析了塬、坡、沟各土地利用类型的侵蚀及产沙。结果表明，通过生物及工程措施治理后的沟谷其侵蚀量都大大减小，然而塬面侵蚀问题却相对突出，塬面侵蚀量不可忽视。     

施工管理与遗传算法

施工管理是一项很复杂的工作，它的每一工作步骤都需进行决策。本文分析了施工管理活动的主要内容，研究和探讨了遗传算法在施工管理中的应用情况。     

砂土磷素动态及磷肥效应研究

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应的研究结果表明,砂土磷的活度在0.64～1.39之间,土壤磷素活性高低的顺序为轻砂潮土>细砂潮土>粗砂潮土。砂土磷素形态以无机磷为主,有机磷甚少,仅占全磷含量的8.84%,无机磷占91.15%。无机磷形态组成以磷酸钙为主,Ca-P 平均为无机磷总量的86.1%,O-P 占9.6%,Al-P 占3%,Fe-P 占1.3%,各种形态无机磷与速效磷的关系为:y(速效磷)=49.30x_1(Al-P)+21.854 7x_4(Ca-P)-3.420 9。Al-P 和 Ca-P 对砂土速效磷的贡献具有一定的意义。磷酸铁铝和磷酸钙盐均可以作为砂土磷素的给源。砂土全磷和有效磷的消长决定于磷素收支平衡。施入土壤中磷的形态转化主要受土壤本身性质的制约。磷肥的作用主要在作物生育前期,而在中、后期则更多地吸收利用土壤中的磷素。磷肥肥效随土壤供磷水平和速效磷含量的增高而降低,粗、细砂潮土中磷肥对小麦的肥效分别比轻砂潮土高41.1%和17.7%。