基于DUS测试分析华北春谷品种选育基本性状的选择趋势

为分析华北春谷育种性状的选择趋势,及促进华北春谷的育种发展,结合目测性状和测量性状及其相关性对华北2016-2019年77个申请品种保护和登记的春谷品种进行性状观测。按照农业农村部发布实施的《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南 谷子》要求进行田间种植和性状数据采集。统计发现,幼苗期叶片颜色和叶鞘颜色为绿色的分别占92.21%和85.71%;71.43%的品种叶姿表现为半上冲;89.61%穗颈姿态为勾型。51.95%的品种抽穗期较晚;68.83%的品种倒2叶长集中在中到长和长;倒2叶宽为中等宽的占79.22%;茎秆长为中到长和茎秆粗为中到粗的分别占70.13%和89.61%;87.01%的品种成穗茎数为少到中;63.64%的品种单穗重为高重。结果表明,华北地区优良春谷品种主要性状表现为幼苗叶片绿色,颖果颜色中等黄色,叶片较上冲,穗颈中等弯曲,茎秆长130~170cm,茎秆粗7.0~10.0mm,倒2叶长45~60cm,倒2叶宽2.5~3.5cm,穗长20~30cm,穗粗20~30mm,单穗重18~25g,千粒重约3.0g。     

瘤胃真菌与酿酒酵母仿生共培养提升秸秆发酵产乙醇量

玉米秸秆中具有较高的纤维素、半纤维素含量,是一种具有稳定产率、可集中处理、可代替木材作制浆原料的生物质材料。为了研究厌氧微生物与酵母共培养预处理玉米秸秆的产物,该研究模拟反刍动物消化玉米秸秆的过程,从羊瘤胃液中分离出厌氧真菌（Pecoramyces sp.）。以玉米秸秆茎皮碎为底物,与厌氧真菌、酿酒酵母菌S1145在39℃进行共培养72 h,分析发酵对秸秆茎皮降解及其代谢产物的影响。结果表明,在瘤胃真菌作用下,添加不同量的酿酒酵母可对代谢产物中乙醇含量产生影响,其中添加5 mL酿酒酵母时产生的乙醇含量最高,占总代谢产物比例为32.09%,相对于未添加酿酒酵母的对照组,乙醇含量提高了23.04百分点。研究表明,在厌氧真菌与酿酒酵母共培养预处理玉米秸秆茎皮的过程中,添加酿酒酵母可提高乙醇产量,为玉米秸秆高效资源化处理和生物质燃料生产提供了一种可靠的方法。     

Effects of shifting cultivation on soil ecosystems in Sarawak,Malaysia

Experimental shifting cultivation was conducted at the Balai Ringin (B. Ringin) and Sabal sites in Sarawak, Malaysia. At the sites, plots (10 x 10 m²) were burned with the fuel of aboveground biomass amounting to 0 (control), 100, 200, and 300 Mg ha^-1. At the B. Ringin site, the soils were clayey and strongly weathered with a strongly acidic characteristic. Ash addition enabled to alleviate the soil acidity and to increase the amounts of nutrients of the soils, especially the surface soils. It was indicated that 1) N addition from ash to the soils was negligible, 2) the losses of nutrients by runoff water were not substantial compared with the amounts of nutrients contained in ash, 3) ash alkalinity seemed to be consumed for inactivating exchangeable AI mainly in the surface soils, and 4) development of variable negative charges could contribute to the retention of inorganic bases derived from ash. After harvest of upland rice, the soil chemical properties in the plots treated with 100 and 200 Mg ha-1 fuel returned to the levels before burning, indicating the rapid loss of nutrients due to leaching and erosion as well as the uptake by plants. However, the soils treated with 300 Mg ha^-1 fuel still showed high contents of exchangeable bases and a low content of exchangeable AI. On the other hand, the soils at the Sabal site were sandy and were characterized by a very low nutrient status. The changes in the amounts of nutrients by ash addition were similar to those at the B. Ringin site. However, the changes in the level of exchangeable AI which were not appreciable were probably due to the low AI content. It was postulated that because of the sandy texture and low CEC of the soils, inorganic bases contained in ash were only suspended in the soil solution. Taking into account the low yield of rice and low level of secondary biomass, it appeared that most of the nutrients were lost downward in soils by leaching.     

粮田改种蔬菜对水稻土土壤结构与有机质含量的影响

利用江苏省江都市马凌村良种场多年粮田（对照）和粮田改种蔬菜20年以上田块,研究粮改蔬对0～60 cm土层团聚体、土壤容重、孔隙度、固液气三相比和有机质含量与分配的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,长期蔬菜种植减少了0～20 cm土层中0.250～1.000 mm和0.053～0.250 mm粒径团聚体的数量,却增加了〈0.053 mm微团聚体的数量;增加了20～60 cm土层中0.053～0.250 mm小团聚体的数量,降低了〈0.053 mm微团聚体的数量。长期蔬菜种植使0～20 cm耕层土壤容重显著降低21.0%、气孔度显著增加29.6%,20～40 cm土层气孔度显著降低了42.3%,固、液相所占比例在0～20 cm土层降低但在20～40 cm土层增加。两种利用方式下,0～20 cm土层中有机质含量分别占0～60 cm土层有机质含量的58.9%和63.3%,长期蔬菜种植下0～20 cm耕层土壤有机质含量显著降低了20.8%。粮改蔬多年耕种可改善土壤的物理结构却减少了耕层土壤有机碳固储数量。     

西藏农业科技信息资源数字化平台建设与应用

【研究目的】针对西藏农业文献资源特色和信息资源的开发性保护需求,探寻适用的资源建设与利用技术方案。【方法】研发西藏农业科技信息资源数字化平台,进行西藏图书、期刊资源的数字化,建设青稞、牦牛等特色资源库。【结果】本文提出了由信息资源层、技术支撑层、整合服务层和用户层构成的平台总体技术框架,梳理了可用资源的类型、来源和内容建设方式,设计和开发实现了系统的功能,进行了应用部署并利用平台功能进行数据整理与装载,面向藏区用户提供信息服务。【结论】平台的建设和应用,将进一步发挥和扩增农业科技文献数据资源的效益,为西藏农业科技创新、农业生产发展奠定坚实基础。     

从大学生之所想谈学风建设——以新疆农业大学为例

学风建设对全面推进素质教育,为社会培养高素质人才起着关键性作用。新疆农业大学对学风建设尤为重视。通过问卷调查、走访座谈等形式了解到新疆农业大学学生的自我认识及担忧;分析了影响其认识及担忧的因素,并提出了一些帮助学生转变认识及担忧的措施和办法。      

Potent cellulase activity in the hepatopancreas of mangrove crabs

Mangrove crabs play a crucial role in the carbon cycle in forests by consuming large amounts of mangrove litter, which is mainly composed of cellulose. However, the detailed mechanism of cellulose digestion remains to be elucidated. We tested endogenous hepatopancreatic cellulase activity in eight species of crabs, including three mangrove sesarmid crabs (Episesarma versicolor, Perisesarma indiarum, and Episesarma palawanense) native to Thailand. Endo-??-1,4-glucanase activity was significantly higher in the enzyme extract from mangrove crabs than in that from Japanese marsh crabs. A ??-glucosidase assay revealed particularly high endo-??-1,4-glucanase activity for E. versicolor, whereas little activity was observed for the Japanese marsh crabs. In a zymogram analysis for endo-??-1,4-glucanase activity, endo-??-1,4-glucanase had a similar molecular mass (30.7?C33.1?kDa) among the mangrove crabs, whereas various sizes (44.3?C84.8?kDa) were found in Japanese crabs depending on the species. These results suggest that mangrove crabs efficiently digest cellulose endogenously.     

高塬沟壑区水畜沼果生态经济技术试验研究

通过试验监测方法,在甘肃省庆阳市西峰区崔沟“水畜沼果”示范村的生态经济户中,确定家庭经济收入很好、好、一般、差、很差各1户,共5户,以户为单元,系统监测各户的需水量、用水来源、耗水量、水去向和经济效益等方面的指标。自来水用量、集蓄水量占总用水量723%和277%;自来水主要用于果园灌溉、畜用、人用和菜园灌溉,依次为863%、67%、47%和23%;集蓄水主要用于畜用、果园和菜园灌溉,依次为752%、169%和79%。沼气年平均使用率为491%。研究提出“水畜沼果”生态经济示范标准户,对实现模块化、集成化和快速、大规模推广具有重要的作用。      

鲁北冬枣的栽培与管理

针对天津地区冬枣产量偏低问题,结合多年生产实践,本文从冬枣品种的选择、土壤要求、苗木要求、栽培技术、整型修剪、肥水管理、花果管理和病虫害防治等方面,全面地介绍了冬枣丰产的栽培与管理技术。     

Biological control of Fusarium wilt by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</Emphasis> IUMC7 isolated from mushroom compost

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IUMC7 isolated from mushroom compost inhibited growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) on culture plates, and a culture supernatant of IUMC7 inhibited in vitro germ tube elongation of FOL. When compared with control soils, mushroom compost inoculated with IUMC7 significantly reduced disease severity caused by FOL in tomato plants. PCR tests for expression of PR genes indicated that IUMC7 did not induce resistance in tomato plants. These results suggested that the suppression of disease was mainly caused by antimicrobial compounds produced by IUMC7.