Einfluss selektiver mechanischer Fruchtbehangsregulierung auf Ethylensynthese als Stressindikator sowie Ertrag und Fruchtqualität bei Kernobst

The overall objective of this work was to improve fruit quality, break alternate bearing and reduce hand thinning using fewer chemicals in fruit crops. A device was constructed for mechanical thinning, which consisted of three independent horizontal rotors with ropes and freely adjustable angles on a frame, mounted on a front three point hitch and powered by the tractor hydraulics. This can be adapted to any fruit tree trained as spindle, Solaxe, (tall) vertical axis or fruit wall (le mur fruitier) irrespective of rootstock employed. Rotor speed varied from 300 to 460?rpm at either 5 or 7.5?km/h tractor speed. Eight-year-old or twelve-old apple trees cvs. ‘Gala’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were mechanically thinned in 2007 between pink bud and full bloom (flower bud stages 6–8 or F1–F2) near Bonn, Germany; non-thinned and hand-thinned apple trees of the same block and variety served as control. Mechanically thinned flowering branches showed a similar amount of ethylene efflux (0.4–0.6?ppm C₂H₄/branch) as non-thinned flower branches, preventing potentially unexpected subsequent fruit drop, except for those removed by the rotors. The impact of the horizontal rotors on the branches was from the upper side and removed excessive flowers right to the tree trunk viz. the centre of the tree canopy, where fruits of lesser quality are expected leaving 2–3 flowers per cluster. Leaf damage was less than??10%, even at the fast rotor speed of 420?rpm, which was associated with negligible wood injury. Mechanical thinning induced firmer and sweeter fruit, i.e. tastier apples with longer shelf life, relative to control fruit from non-thinned apple trees. The greatest efficacy in terms of final fruit quality in the grading/sorting was achieved by a rotor speed of 360?rpm at a tractor speed of 5?km/h: Fruit mass increased by up to 20?g and the proportion of fruit larger than 70–75?mm by 10–30% compared with the fruit from non-thinned trees. Mechanical thinning with this newly constructed device led to a 10–20% reduction in yield, but increased returns due to better fruit size and colouration in apple with the potential to overcome alternate bearing.     

制动器耗散功率原理在ABS标定匹配中的应用

为解决ABS逻辑门限值方法匹配成本高、周期长的问题,将制动器耗散功率原理应用于匹配中.结合逻辑门限值与制动器耗散功率的各自优点,将制动器耗散功率原理能自适应识别各种路面状况的特点应用于匹配中;根据制动器耗散功率极大值对应的滑移率略小于临界滑移率且相差不大的原理,采用制动器耗散功率极大值对应的滑移率代替峰值附着系数对应的滑移率对ABS进行控制;滑移率与制动器耗散功率曲线获得较为简单,因此可以大大提高匹配效率.经过实车匹配验证,本方法提高了匹配效率和控制质量,节约了匹配成本.     

香蕉ACC合成酶含3＇末端的cDNA克隆

采用3'RACE方法对香蕉(Musa AAA Cavendish Subgroup)ACC合成酶含3'末端的cDNA进行扩增,扩增产物被克隆到pCR*2.1载体上,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,筛选到重组质粒(pACS2),并对插入片段进行序列测定。结果表明,3'RACE产物长1 680 bp,其中一个开放读框内的核苷酸序列编码444个氨基酸,氨基酸序列包括了ACC合成酶中所应具有的7个高度保守区。同时该产物还有长269 bp的3'末端,并具有完整的Poly(A)尾(24mer)。     

"沼改厕"推广模式的实现及其在四川省的应用

农村户用沼气池是国家战略性惠农措施,中国政府为促进农村沼气工程建设投入了大量财力物力。近年来,因劳动力转移、农业产业结构调整等多种原因造成大量沼气池闲置弃用,极大地浪费了国家和人民的财产。如何提高农村户用沼气池利用率,改善农村生产生活环境是当前乡村振兴面临的一大难题。该研究从"沼改厕"的现实背景、发展现状和技术模式入手,通过"推广模式、推广方法、效益分析和管护机制"四个层面对四川省"沼改厕"典型地区进行案例分析,并深入讨论了"沼改厕"模式的推广应注意的问题,为农村"厕所革命"提供互补的改厕方式,也为"沼改厕"推广模式提供理论支撑。     

红壤溶磷菌的筛选及溶磷机制

采用以磷酸铝为磷源的蒙金娜(PVK)液体培养基研究了从红壤土中筛选出的4种溶磷菌的溶磷效果,选出其中的优势菌株B1,并对其溶磷机理做出初步探讨。结果表明,所筛选出的4株溶磷菌在液体培养条件下均有显著的溶磷效果,其中菌株B1在培养4 d后有效溶磷量最大,达到292.8 mg L-1。各处理培养液pH在培养期间均有显著下降,pH从7.0下降至3.2~4.7。高效液相色谱测定发现,各菌株培养液中有机酸的种类与含量随培养时间变化而不同,其中菌株B1主要分泌草酸和苹果酸,培养1 d后有机酸总量可达到5 mmol L-1;通过添加有机酸对磷酸铝活化的试验表明,分泌有机酸溶磷仅是菌株B1溶磷机制之一,可能还存在其他溶磷机制。菌株B1生长的适宜pH范围为5~9,最适培养温度为30℃,100 ml三角瓶的最适装液量为30~40 ml。经鉴定,菌株B1与苏云金芽孢杆菌有99.9%的相似性。     

用于生物质酶解过程的纤维素酶研究进展

纤维素酶解效率是木质纤维素经济、高效生化转化的限制瓶颈。该文讨论了影响纤维素酶酶解经济性与高效性的多个要素,如:高滤纸酶活菌株的选育、发酵、酶解机理、酶解影响因素及酶解混合体系的优化等。该文研究表明,纤维二糖水解酶可能是决定发酵体系中滤纸酶活高低的关键单酶组分,同时,该酶可能也是预处理后生物质酶解体系中决定滤纸酶活效率的关键单酶组分。酶解过程中关键限速反应的认识及关键限制因素形成机制的揭示将成为纤维素酶生化转化研究的重点,这些机理机制的建立可为构建高比活力纤维素酶提供理论依据。     

低场核磁探测水稻田改蔬菜地土壤水分的相态变化

为了解水稻土转变为设施蔬菜地后土壤水分的相态变化,该研究在田间土壤调查的基础上,结合低场核磁测氢技术,评价了田间状态的水稻土和不同转化年限设施蔬菜地土壤水分的相态分布情况。结果表明:随着转化时间的延长,耕层土壤大孔隙吸持的自由水比重下降,土壤小孔隙吸持的束缚水比重上升,犁底层土壤水分的相态分布却无明显变化,土壤水分吸持性能在转化时间序列上呈现下降的趋势,但长期施用有机肥可以优化耕层质量,提升土壤大孔隙吸持自由水的能力,改善土壤水分供释性能;水稻土转化为设施蔬菜地土壤2 a后,出现新犁底层,使得原有的耕层土壤变薄,土壤水分吸持性能下降。核磁共振作为一种新的技术手段,可以实现实时、快速、准确地检测土壤水分的相态变化,可为设施农业的可持续管理提供新的技术支持。     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.     

基于物联网的农田环境在线监测系统

针对农田环境监测面积大、点多、时间长的特点,提出基于物联网架构的农田环境监测系统,系统由传感层、传输层和应用层构成。设计开发了以飞思卡尔MC9S12XS128为微处理器的无线传感器网络节点的硬件电路和太阳能供电系统,编制了协调器与路由器的底层软件,测试了远端服务器与WSN网络单点和多点之间的通信性能。现场试验结果表明:基于物联网的农田环境监测系统,运行稳定、可靠,为科学预测和科学种植提供了依据。      

稻田自动化鸭舍声训系统设计与试验研究

为使稻田自动化鸭舍在无人值守的情况下于日落之前自动唤鸭回舍,降低人工消耗,设计了稻田自动化鸭舍的声训系统。该系统可产生并自动播放不同类型、声压级及频率的纯音信号。以1月龄鸭子为研究对象,以声音的声压级和频率为试验因素,以鸭子回舍时间为试验指标,对声训系统进行了试验研究。结果表明:鸭子回舍时间与声音参数存在线性回归关系;当声压级为85d B、声音频率为18 577Hz时,鸭子回舍时间最快可达到19.52s,满足稻鸭共作生产的要求。研究结果为稻鸭共作技术条件下的自动化鸭舍设计提供了依据。