安格斯牛与西藏犏牛杂交生产肉牛试验初报

[目的]犏牛可以生活在海拔2 800~4 200 m,对高寒缺氧的生态环境具有很强的适应能力,是“世界屋脊”的著名牛种,为了提高西藏犏牛资源的综合利用,其后代变废为宝。[方法]在试验区选择200头经产母犏牛通过引进安格斯牛的细管冻精,依靠人工授精技术,应用种间三元杂交技术生产优质商品肉牛试验,测定初生、3月龄的体重、体尺指标,观察高寒气候的适应性。[结果]结果显示:参配母犏牛200头,实配160头,其中104头母犏牛怀孕受胎,98头顺利产犊。实配率80%,人工授精受胎率65%,成活率94.23%。犏牛平均妊娠期(266.81±11.93) d。安格斯与西藏犏牛杂交后代的出生体尺、体重与传统杂交犊牛(多勒)相比,平均体重增加8.95 kg,提高73.23;体高、体斜长、胸围、管围平均分别比传统杂交犊牛(多勒)增加7.491 cm,1.394 cm,8.998 cm,0.063 cm,提高了13.94%,2.56%,15.70%,0.068%。安格斯与西藏犏牛杂交后代的3月龄与传统杂交犊牛(多勒)相比,平均体重增加43.3 kg,提高168.89;体高、体斜长、胸围、管围平均分别比传统杂交犊牛(多勒)增加15.67 cm,16.95 cm,26.31 cm,1.64 cm,提高23.27%,24.76%,34.31%,15.83%。[结论]弥补了犏牛传统杂交后代普遍存在的体躯发育差、生长发育慢等缺陷,且很好地适应西藏高寒生态环境和管理条件,杂种优势十分明显,因此安格斯牛可作为高原环境下繁殖犏牛生产肉牛的理想父本品种使用,并拥有开发高端产品的巨大潜力。     

锌素营养对作物叶片解剖结构的影响

采用水培方法,调节锌素营养供应,观察芹菜、玉米、小麦幼苗生长及幼苗叶片解剖结构。结果看出,锌素营养不足时植株含匀量降低,生长受到抑制:叶肉细胞收缩,细胞间隙增大,叶肉细胞中叶绿体数量减少。禾本科作物维管柬鞘细胞中叶绿体减少尤为明显,但对叶绿体的体积无影响;辅导组织发育受到抑制,机械组织不发达。锌素营养过剩时细胞结构破坏,叶肉细胞严重收缩,叶绿体明显减少。     

Near-infrared reflectance model for the rapid prediction of total fat in cereal foods

AOAC method 996.01, used in cereal foods to determine total fat as defined by the U.S. Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA), is laborious and time-consuming and utilizes hazardous chemicals. Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, a rapid and environmentally benign technique, was investigated as a potential method for the prediction of total fat using AOAC method 996.01 as the reference method. Near-infrared reflectance spectra (1104-2494 nm) of ground cereal products (n = 72) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer, and total fat was determined according to AOAC method 996.01. Using multivariate analysis, a modified partial least-squares model was developed for total fat prediction. The model had a SECV of 1.12% (range = 0.5-43.2%) and a multiple coefficient of determination of 0.99. The model was tested with independent validation samples (n = 36); all samples were predicted within NLEA accuracy guidelines. The results indicate that NIR reflectance spectroscopy is an accurate means of determining the total fat content of diverse cereal products for nutrition labeling.     

Dynamics of Moraxella bovis infection and humoral immune response to bovine herpes virus type 1 during a natural outbreak of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in beef calves

Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is an acute disease caused by Moraxella bovis (Mb). Several factors may predispose animals to an IBK outbreak; one commonly observed is infection with bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1). The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of BHV-1 virus infection and its relation with clinical cases of IBK in weaned calves from a beef herd with a high prevalence of lesions caused by Mb. Sampling was carried out in six stages and included conjunctival swabs for isolating Mb as well as blood samples for identifying antibodies specific for BHV-1. A score for IBK lesions after observing each eye was determined. The findings of this study showed a high prevalence of BHV-1 virus infection (100% of animals were infected at the end of the trial); 67% of animals were culture-positive for Mb, but low rates of clinical IBK (19% of calves affected) were detected at the end of the trial. These results suggest that infection with BHV-1 did not predispose these animals to IBK, and that Mb infection produced clinical and subclinical disease in the absence of BHV-1 co-infection.     

Defoliation Effects on Herbage Production and Root Growth of Wet Meadow Forage Species

Root growth is important to the competitive ability of plants, and understanding how herbage defoliation affects root growth has implications for development of management strategies. Objectives were to determine the effects of defoliation intensity and frequency on root characteristics and herbage production of slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus [Link.] Shinners), Nebraska sedge (Carex nebrascensis C. Dewey), and “Steadfast” birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Plants of each species were transplanted into containers that had been placed in the ground at wet meadow field sites the prior year. There were eight replications of a control and five defoliation treatments, which were combinations of different frequencies (two or five times) and intensities (light or heavy) and haying. Treatments were applied for a single growing season, and aboveground biomass was collected. Containers were extracted in October, and plant crowns, rhizomes, and roots were separated from the soil. Defoliation treatment did not affect total root weight, length, and surface area of Nebraska sedge or birdsfoot trefoil (P>0.10). Slender wheatgrass total root weight was less when defoliated five times (4.46 g·container^?1) than when defoliated twice (6.62 g·container^?1) during the growing season. More frequent defoliation of slender wheatgrass also reduced length (20%) and surface area (21%) compared to less frequent defoliation. However, defoliation frequency did not affect aboveground biomass. Defoliation intensity did not affect aboveground production or root characteristics of the three species. Abundant soil moisture in meadows likely buffers negative effects of defoliation. For all species, two defoliation events (e.g., haying followed by grazing) does not appear to negatively affect root growth and herbage production.     

2种烟草种植模式种植成本分析

分析了我国烟草生产不同发展阶段的传统烟草种植和现代烟草种植模式下烟农种植过程中的成本投入,结果表明:因烟草专业化服务组织农业机械化水平和专业化程度的提高,烟草种植的人工投入数、人工成本分别由传统烟草种植模式的15.01个/667 m2和758元/667 m2降低到现代烟草种植模式的2.41个/667 m2和120.25元/667 m2;由于人工成本的大幅度降低,烟草种植总成本由传统烟草种植模式的798元/667 m2降低到现代烟草种植模式下的307.25元/667 m2。     

不同细度类型细羊毛纤维直径变异研究

共采集150个中国美利奴羊（新疆型）3个细度类型（18 μm以下、18～20 μm及20 μm以上）羊毛样本，分析了沿毛丛长度方向及毛丛内纤维间直径变异。结果表明，不同细度类型羊毛沿毛丛方向纤维直径有相似的变异规律且与饲草料资源的季节性变化吻合，但细度18 μm以下羊毛纤维直径变异最小（P<0.01）；相反地，毛丛内纤维间直径变异随羊毛细度的降低而增大（P<0.01）。     

典型黑土环境下的高、低镉积累白菜品种筛选及耐性比较

为探究不同白菜(Brassica pekinensis L.)品种在典型黑土环境中的镉敏感程度和镉积累特性,筛选出具备高镉、低镉积累特征的耐镉品种。试验以东北地区20种主栽白菜品种为材料进行盆栽模拟试验,研究基于不同白菜品种镉胁迫下的剂量-效应、镉积累特征,对得到的高、低镉积累品种的浓度积累效应及氧化损伤程度进行评估。结果显示:供试品种间剂量-效应差异明显,JF和BCCRQJ为镉耐性最强两个品种,耐受阈值分别为1.204 mg·kg~(-1)和1.036 mg·kg~(-1)。高镉浓度下(≥0.6 mg·kg~(-1))JF叶镉含量最低,根向叶迁移系数(TF)、叶富集系数(BCF)均小于1;BCCRQJ净化率最高。土壤镉含量与两者根、叶积累量、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、超氧阴离子(O_2~-)、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(FPRO)均呈正相关,与净化率呈负相关(P0.05),此外高浓度下BCCRQJ氧化损伤程度较JF更高。综合试验结果表明,JF是镉耐性极高的低积累品种,而BCCRQJ为镉耐受力略逊于JF的高积累品种。